Python bsddb模块操作Berkeley DB数据库介绍
bsddb模块是用来操作bdb的模块,bdb是著名的Berkeley DB,它的性能非常好,mysql的存储后端引擎都支持bdb的方式。这里简单介绍一些关于bsddb的使用方法。
bdb不同于一般的关系数据库,它存储的数据只能是以key和value组成的一对数据,使用就像python的字典一样,它不能直接表示多个字段,当要存储多个字段的数据时,只能把数据作为一个整体存放到value中。
使用bsddb面临的第一问题是使用什么数据访问方法,bdb支持四种:btree, hash, queue, recno。这里先说说它们有什么区别,btree是用的树结构来才存储的数据,查询速度很快,可以存储任意复杂的key和value。hash是用的hash算法,速度其实和btree比差不多的,但是当数据量特别巨大时,应该使用hash。queue是队列操作,它有一个限制,它只能存储定长的数据,也就是说value的长度是固定的!但是queue可以保持数据的先进先出,并且对数据的插入做了特殊的优化,并且提供行级锁。queue的key必须是数字。recno和queue类似,但是它可以支持变长的value,它的key同样也是数字。
这里先对这四种数据访问方法分别做打开数据库,简单插入一条数据的演示。
对于python的bsddb模块来说,打开数据库的操作有两种方式,一是使用原始的接口,就是先打开一个环境,然后从这个环境中打开一个数据库,就像下面:
代码如下:
import bsddb
dbenv = bsddb.db.DBEnv()
dbenv.open(home, bsddb.db.DB_CREATE | bsddb.db.DB_INIT_MPOOL)
d = bsddb.db.DB(dbenv)
d.open(filename, bsddb.db.DB_BTREE, bsddb.db.DB_CREATE, 0666)
还有一种方式是python特有的,这个是bsddb模块本身对上面的过程做了包装,比如打开btree的:
代码如下:
import bsddb
db = bsddb.btopen('test.db', 'c')
看起来比上面的简单多了吧。但这种方式提供的接口很有限,也只有很简单的功能,没有第一种的灵活,但是它在python2.5的版本里是线程安全的。这里都介绍一下。
看看一个例子:
代码如下:
#-*- encoding: gb2312 -*-
import os, sys, string
import bsddb, time
home = "db_home"
filename = "test.db"
try:
# 创建home目录
os.mkdir(home)
except:
pass
# 创建数据库环境
dbenv = bsddb.db.DBEnv()
# 打开数据库环境
dbenv.open(home, bsddb.db.DB_CREATE | bsddb.db.DB_INIT_MPOOL)
# 创建数据库对象
d = bsddb.db.DB(dbenv)
# 打开数据库, 这里的第二个参数就是指定使用什么数据访问方法
# btree是 bsddb.db.DB_BTREE, hash是bsddb.db.DB_HASH
# queu 是 bsddb.db.DB_QUEUE, recno 是bsddb.db.DB_RECNO
d.open(filename, bsddb.db.DB_BTREE, bsddb.db.DB_CREATE, 0666)
# 插入一条数据,注意queue和recno的key不能是字符串的,应该是数字
d.put('test1', 'zhaowei')
print d.items()
# 关闭,这时会把数据写回文件
d.close()
dbenv.close()
下面来个使用queue的,注意看有什么区别:
代码如下:
#-*- encoding: gb2312 -*-
import os, sys, string
import bsddb, time
home = "db_home"
filename = "testqueue.db"
try:
os.mkdir(home)
except:
pass
dbenv = bsddb.db.DBEnv()
dbenv.open(home, bsddb.db.DB_CREATE | bsddb.db.DB_INIT_MPOOL)
d = bsddb.db.DB(dbenv)
# queue必须要设置一个value的长度,它的value是定长的
d.set_re_len(40)
d.open(filename, bsddb.db.DB_QUEUE, bsddb.db.DB_CREATE, 0666)
# 它的key必须是数字
d.put(1, 'zhaowei')
print d.items()
d.close()
dbenv.close()
那简单的第二种方式使用如下, 要简洁很多了:
代码如下:
import bsddb
d = bsddb.hashopen("aaa.db", "c")
d['test1'] = "zhaowei"
print d.items()
d.close()

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