Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Python中的高级函数map/reduce使用实例

Python中的高级函数map/reduce使用实例

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:24 AM
map python reduce

Python内建了map()和reduce()函数。

如果你读过Google的那篇大名鼎鼎的论文“MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters”,你就能大概明白map/reduce的概念。

我们先看map。map()函数接收两个参数,一个是函数,一个是序列,map将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素,并把结果作为新的list返回。

举例说明,比如我们有一个函数f(x)=x2,要把这个函数作用在一个list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]上,就可以用map()实现如下:

现在,我们用Python代码实现:

代码如下:


>>> def f(x):
...     return x * x
...
>>> map(f, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]


map()传入的第一个参数是f,即函数对象本身。

你可能会想,不需要map()函数,写一个循环,也可以计算出结果:

代码如下:


L = []
for n in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]:
    L.append(f(n))
print L


的确可以,但是,从上面的循环代码,能一眼看明白“把f(x)作用在list的每一个元素并把结果生成一个新的list”吗?

所以,map()作为高阶函数,事实上它把运算规则抽象了,因此,我们不但可以计算简单的f(x)=x2,还可以计算任意复杂的函数,比如,把这个list所有数字转为字符串:

代码如下:


>>> map(str, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']


只需要一行代码。

再看reduce的用法。reduce把一个函数作用在一个序列[x1, x2, x3...]上,这个函数必须接收两个参数,reduce把结果继续和序列的下一个元素做累积计算,其效果就是:

代码如下:


reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4)


比方说对一个序列求和,就可以用reduce实现:

代码如下:


>>> def add(x, y):
...     return x + y
...
>>> reduce(add, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
25


当然求和运算可以直接用Python内建函数sum(),没必要动用reduce。

但是如果要把序列[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]变换成整数13579,reduce就可以派上用场:

代码如下:


>>> def fn(x, y):
...     return x * 10 + y
...
>>> reduce(fn, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
13579


这个例子本身没多大用处,但是,如果考虑到字符串str也是一个序列,对上面的例子稍加改动,配合map(),我们就可以写出把str转换为int的函数:

代码如下:


>>> def fn(x, y):
...     return x * 10 + y
...
>>> def char2num(s):
...     return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]
...
>>> reduce(fn, map(char2num, '13579'))
13579


整理成一个str2int的函数就是:

代码如下:


def str2int(s):
    def fn(x, y):
        return x * 10 + y
    def char2num(s):
        return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]
    return reduce(fn, map(char2num, s))


还可以用lambda函数进一步简化成:

代码如下:


def char2num(s):
    return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]

def str2int(s):
    return reduce(lambda x,y: x*10+y, map(char2num, s))


也就是说,假设Python没有提供int()函数,你完全可以自己写一个把字符串转化为整数的函数,而且只需要几行代码!
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
2 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Hello Kitty Island Adventure: How To Get Giant Seeds
1 months ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Two Point Museum: All Exhibits And Where To Find Them
1 months ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Is the conversion speed fast when converting XML to PDF on mobile phone? Is the conversion speed fast when converting XML to PDF on mobile phone? Apr 02, 2025 pm 10:09 PM

The speed of mobile XML to PDF depends on the following factors: the complexity of XML structure. Mobile hardware configuration conversion method (library, algorithm) code quality optimization methods (select efficient libraries, optimize algorithms, cache data, and utilize multi-threading). Overall, there is no absolute answer and it needs to be optimized according to the specific situation.

Is there any mobile app that can convert XML into PDF? Is there any mobile app that can convert XML into PDF? Apr 02, 2025 pm 08:54 PM

An application that converts XML directly to PDF cannot be found because they are two fundamentally different formats. XML is used to store data, while PDF is used to display documents. To complete the transformation, you can use programming languages ​​and libraries such as Python and ReportLab to parse XML data and generate PDF documents.

How to control the size of XML converted to images? How to control the size of XML converted to images? Apr 02, 2025 pm 07:24 PM

To generate images through XML, you need to use graph libraries (such as Pillow and JFreeChart) as bridges to generate images based on metadata (size, color) in XML. The key to controlling the size of the image is to adjust the values ​​of the <width> and <height> tags in XML. However, in practical applications, the complexity of XML structure, the fineness of graph drawing, the speed of image generation and memory consumption, and the selection of image formats all have an impact on the generated image size. Therefore, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of XML structure, proficient in the graphics library, and consider factors such as optimization algorithms and image format selection.

How to convert XML files to PDF on your phone? How to convert XML files to PDF on your phone? Apr 02, 2025 pm 10:12 PM

It is impossible to complete XML to PDF conversion directly on your phone with a single application. It is necessary to use cloud services, which can be achieved through two steps: 1. Convert XML to PDF in the cloud, 2. Access or download the converted PDF file on the mobile phone.

What is the function of C language sum? What is the function of C language sum? Apr 03, 2025 pm 02:21 PM

There is no built-in sum function in C language, so it needs to be written by yourself. Sum can be achieved by traversing the array and accumulating elements: Loop version: Sum is calculated using for loop and array length. Pointer version: Use pointers to point to array elements, and efficient summing is achieved through self-increment pointers. Dynamically allocate array version: Dynamically allocate arrays and manage memory yourself, ensuring that allocated memory is freed to prevent memory leaks.

How to open xml format How to open xml format Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:00 PM

Use most text editors to open XML files; if you need a more intuitive tree display, you can use an XML editor, such as Oxygen XML Editor or XMLSpy; if you process XML data in a program, you need to use a programming language (such as Python) and XML libraries (such as xml.etree.ElementTree) to parse.

What is the process of converting XML into images? What is the process of converting XML into images? Apr 02, 2025 pm 08:24 PM

To convert XML images, you need to determine the XML data structure first, then select a suitable graphical library (such as Python's matplotlib) and method, select a visualization strategy based on the data structure, consider the data volume and image format, perform batch processing or use efficient libraries, and finally save it as PNG, JPEG, or SVG according to the needs.

Recommended XML formatting tool Recommended XML formatting tool Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:03 PM

XML formatting tools can type code according to rules to improve readability and understanding. When selecting a tool, pay attention to customization capabilities, handling of special circumstances, performance and ease of use. Commonly used tool types include online tools, IDE plug-ins, and command-line tools.

See all articles