Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Python中的面向对象编程详解(上)

Python中的面向对象编程详解(上)

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:24 AM
python Object-Oriented Programming

创建类

Python 类使用 class 关键字来创建。简单的类的声明可以是关键字后紧跟类名:

代码如下:


class ClassName(bases):
    'class documentation string' #'类文档字符串'
    class_suite #类体


实例化

通过类名后跟一对圆括号实例化一个类

代码如下:


mc = MyClass() # instantiate class 初始化类
‘int()'构造器

def __int__(self):
    pass


注意:self类似Java的this关键字作用,它代码指向自身实例的引用

类属性

python的属性与Java和C++等面向对象语言不同,python的属性即包括了数据成员还包括函数元素,通过句点符号来访问.

特殊数据内建属性

C.name 类C的名字(字符串)
C.doc 类C的文档字符串
C.bases 类C的所有父类构成的元组
C.dict 类C的属性
C.module 类C定义所在的模块(1.5 版本新增)
C.class 实例C对应的类(仅新式类中)

特殊方法内建属性

dir():获得类属性或者实例属性名字列表.

静态变量属性

直接在class作用域定义

代码如下:


class C(object):
    foo = 100


实例变量属性

python的实例属性与Java和C++等不同.在Java和C++中,实例属性必须首先声明/定义,而python实例属性是动态创建。设置实例的属性可以在实例创建后任意时间进行,也可以在能够访问实例的代码中进行。构造
器init()是设置这些属性的关键点之一。

代码如下:


    def __init__(self, name, data):
        self.name = name
        self.data = "123'


注意:self类似Java的this关键字作用,它代码指向自身实例的引用

方法属性

分为实例方法和类方法.实例方法只属于一个实例;而类方法即属于类所有,也属于实例所有.

实例方法

代码如下:


class MyClass(object):
    def myNoActionMethod(self):
    pass


注意:self类似Java的this关键字作用,它代码指向自身实例的引用

静态方法

静态方法是类级别的方法,不需要实例化类就可以直接调用.有两种方法定义

●装饰器(常用)

代码如下:


    @staticmethod  
    def foo():
        print 'call static method'


●内建函数

代码如下:


    def foo():
        print 'call static method'
    foo = staticmethod(foo) #静态方法

类方法

静态方法是类级别的方法, 与静态方法不同的是,它必须显示传入cls类参数;而且如果还需要调用类中其他的静态方法,或者类方法的函数, 要定义成类方法. 与静态方法类似,也有两种方法定义.

●装饰器(常用)

代码如下:


    @classmethod   
    def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar


●内建函数

代码如下:


def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar
    bar = classmethod(bar)  #类方法


实例详解

代码如下:


#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf-8

class Target(): #定义类Target
    'This is Target definition' #定义__doc__属性

    staticVar = 'v1.0'  #定义静态变量

    def __init__(self, name = 'default', data = 0): #定义构造函数
        self.name = name    #实例变量
        self.data = data    #实例变量
        print "init instance"

    def main():
        print "this is a test function"

    '''
    可以用装饰器定义静态方法
    @staticmethod  
    def foo():
        print 'call static method'
    '''
    def foo():
        print 'call static method'
    foo = staticmethod(foo) #静态方法

    '''
    可以用装饰器定义类方法
    @classmethod   
    def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar
    '''
    def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar
    bar = classmethod(bar)  #类方法

    #只有调用本模块的时候main()方法才生效
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        main()

#实例化
target = Target('aaa', 123)
print 'name is: ', target.name
print 'data is: ', target.data

#打印__doc__属性
print 'target.__doc__ is: ', target.__doc__

#打印类__dict__属性
print 'Target.__dict__ is: ', Target.__dict__

#打印静态变量
print 'staticVar is: ', Target.staticVar

#打印内建函数dir()
print 'dir() is: ', dir(Target)

#调用静态方法
Target.foo()

#调用类方法
Target.bar()

输出

代码如下:


this is a test function
init instance
name is:  aaa
data is:  123
target.__doc__ is:  This is Target definition
Target.__dict__ is:  {'__module__': '__main__', 'foo': , 'bar': , 'staticVar': 'v1.0', 'main': , '__doc__': 'This is Target definition', '__init__': }
staticVar is:  v1.0
dir() is:  ['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'bar', 'foo', 'main', 'staticVar']
call static method
call class method and access static varible(staticVar):  v1.0

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