浅析Python中的多重继承
继承是面向对象编程的一个重要的方式,因为通过继承,子类就可以扩展父类的功能。
回忆一下Animal类层次的设计,假设我们要实现以下4种动物:
- Dog - 狗狗;
- Bat - 蝙蝠;
- Parrot - 鹦鹉;
- Ostrich - 鸵鸟。
如果按照哺乳动物和鸟类归类,我们可以设计出这样的类的层次:
但是如果按照“能跑”和“能飞”来归类,我们就应该设计出这样的类的层次:
如果要把上面的两种分类都包含进来,我们就得设计更多的层次:
- 哺乳类:能跑的哺乳类,能飞的哺乳类;
- 鸟类:能跑的鸟类,能飞的鸟类。
这么一来,类的层次就复杂了:
如果要再增加“宠物类”和“非宠物类”,这么搞下去,类的数量会呈指数增长,很明显这样设计是不行的。
正确的做法是采用多重继承。首先,主要的类层次仍按照哺乳类和鸟类设计:
class Animal(object): pass # 大类: class Mammal(Animal): pass class Bird(Animal): pass # 各种动物: class Dog(Mammal): pass class Bat(Mammal): pass class Parrot(Bird): pass class Ostrich(Bird): pass
现在,我们要给动物再加上Runnable和Flyable的功能,只需要先定义好Runnable和Flyable的类:
class Runnable(object): def run(self): print('Running...') class Flyable(object): def fly(self): print('Flying...')
对于需要Runnable功能的动物,就多继承一个Runnable,例如Dog:
class Dog(Mammal, Runnable): pass
对于需要Flyable功能的动物,就多继承一个Flyable,例如Bat:
class Bat(Mammal, Flyable): pass
通过多重继承,一个子类就可以同时获得多个父类的所有功能。
Mixin
在设计类的继承关系时,通常,主线都是单一继承下来的,例如,Ostrich继承自Bird。但是,如果需要“混入”额外的功能,通过多重继承就可以实现,比如,让Ostrich除了继承自Bird外,再同时继承Runnable。这种设计通常称之为Mixin。
为了更好地看出继承关系,我们把Runnable和Flyable改为RunnableMixin和FlyableMixin。类似的,你还可以定义出肉食动物CarnivorousMixin和植食动物HerbivoresMixin,让某个动物同时拥有好几个Mixin:
class Dog(Mammal, RunnableMixin, CarnivorousMixin): pass
Mixin的目的就是给一个类增加多个功能,这样,在设计类的时候,我们优先考虑通过多重继承来组合多个Mixin的功能,而不是设计多层次的复杂的继承关系。
Python自带的很多库也使用了Mixin。举个例子,Python自带了TCPServer和UDPServer这两类网络服务,而要同时服务多个用户就必须使用多进程或多线程模型,这两种模型由ForkingMixin和ThreadingMixin提供。通过组合,我们就可以创造出合适的服务来。
比如,编写一个多进程模式的TCP服务,定义如下:
class MyTCPServer(TCPServer, ForkingMixin): pass
编写一个多线程模式的UDP服务,定义如下:
class MyUDPServer(UDPServer, ThreadingMixin): pass
如果你打算搞一个更先进的协程模型,可以编写一个CoroutineMixin:
class MyTCPServer(TCPServer, CoroutineMixin): pass
这样一来,我们不需要复杂而庞大的继承链,只要选择组合不同的类的功能,就可以快速构造出所需的子类。
小结
由于Python允许使用多重继承,因此,Mixin就是一种常见的设计。
只允许单一继承的语言(如Java)不能使用Mixin的设计。

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



HadiDB: A lightweight, high-level scalable Python database HadiDB (hadidb) is a lightweight database written in Python, with a high level of scalability. Install HadiDB using pip installation: pipinstallhadidb User Management Create user: createuser() method to create a new user. The authentication() method authenticates the user's identity. fromhadidb.operationimportuseruser_obj=user("admin","admin")user_obj.

You can learn basic programming concepts and skills of Python within 2 hours. 1. Learn variables and data types, 2. Master control flow (conditional statements and loops), 3. Understand the definition and use of functions, 4. Quickly get started with Python programming through simple examples and code snippets.

It is impossible to view MongoDB password directly through Navicat because it is stored as hash values. How to retrieve lost passwords: 1. Reset passwords; 2. Check configuration files (may contain hash values); 3. Check codes (may hardcode passwords).

Python is widely used in the fields of web development, data science, machine learning, automation and scripting. 1) In web development, Django and Flask frameworks simplify the development process. 2) In the fields of data science and machine learning, NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn and TensorFlow libraries provide strong support. 3) In terms of automation and scripting, Python is suitable for tasks such as automated testing and system management.

MySQL database performance optimization guide In resource-intensive applications, MySQL database plays a crucial role and is responsible for managing massive transactions. However, as the scale of application expands, database performance bottlenecks often become a constraint. This article will explore a series of effective MySQL performance optimization strategies to ensure that your application remains efficient and responsive under high loads. We will combine actual cases to explain in-depth key technologies such as indexing, query optimization, database design and caching. 1. Database architecture design and optimized database architecture is the cornerstone of MySQL performance optimization. Here are some core principles: Selecting the right data type and selecting the smallest data type that meets the needs can not only save storage space, but also improve data processing speed.

As a data professional, you need to process large amounts of data from various sources. This can pose challenges to data management and analysis. Fortunately, two AWS services can help: AWS Glue and Amazon Athena.

The steps to start a Redis server include: Install Redis according to the operating system. Start the Redis service via redis-server (Linux/macOS) or redis-server.exe (Windows). Use the redis-cli ping (Linux/macOS) or redis-cli.exe ping (Windows) command to check the service status. Use a Redis client, such as redis-cli, Python, or Node.js, to access the server.

To read a queue from Redis, you need to get the queue name, read the elements using the LPOP command, and process the empty queue. The specific steps are as follows: Get the queue name: name it with the prefix of "queue:" such as "queue:my-queue". Use the LPOP command: Eject the element from the head of the queue and return its value, such as LPOP queue:my-queue. Processing empty queues: If the queue is empty, LPOP returns nil, and you can check whether the queue exists before reading the element.
