Home Backend Development Python Tutorial 在Python中使用列表生成式的教程

在Python中使用列表生成式的教程

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:26 AM
python

列表生成式即List Comprehensions,是Python内置的非常简单却强大的可以用来创建list的生成式。

举个例子,要生成list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]可以用range(1, 11):

>>> range(1, 11)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Copy after login

但如果要生成[1x1, 2x2, 3x3, ..., 10x10]怎么做?方法一是循环:

>>> L = []
>>> for x in range(1, 11):
...  L.append(x * x)
...
>>> L
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

Copy after login

但是循环太繁琐,而列表生成式则可以用一行语句代替循环生成上面的list:

>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11)]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

Copy after login

写列表生成式时,把要生成的元素x * x放到前面,后面跟for循环,就可以把list创建出来,十分有用,多写几次,很快就可以熟悉这种语法。

for循环后面还可以加上if判断,这样我们就可以筛选出仅偶数的平方:

>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0]
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]

Copy after login

还可以使用两层循环,可以生成全排列:

>>> [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ']
['AX', 'AY', 'AZ', 'BX', 'BY', 'BZ', 'CX', 'CY', 'CZ']

Copy after login

三层和三层以上的循环就很少用到了。

运用列表生成式,可以写出非常简洁的代码。例如,列出当前目录下的所有文件和目录名,可以通过一行代码实现:

>>> import os # 导入os模块,模块的概念后面讲到
>>> [d for d in os.listdir('.')] # os.listdir可以列出文件和目录
['.emacs.d', '.ssh', '.Trash', 'Adlm', 'Applications', 'Desktop', 'Documents', 'Downloads', 'Library', 'Movies', 'Music', 'Pictures', 'Public', 'VirtualBox VMs', 'Workspace', 'XCode']

Copy after login

for循环其实可以同时使用两个甚至多个变量,比如dict的iteritems()可以同时迭代key和value:

>>> d = {'x': 'A', 'y': 'B', 'z': 'C' }
>>> for k, v in d.iteritems():
...   print k, '=', v
... 
y = B
x = A
z = C

Copy after login

因此,列表生成式也可以使用两个变量来生成list:

>>> d = {'x': 'A', 'y': 'B', 'z': 'C' }
>>> [k + '=' + v for k, v in d.iteritems()]
['y=B', 'x=A', 'z=C']

Copy after login

最后把一个list中所有的字符串变成小写:

>>> L = ['Hello', 'World', 'IBM', 'Apple']
>>> [s.lower() for s in L]
['hello', 'world', 'ibm', 'apple']

Copy after login

小结

运用列表生成式,可以快速生成list,可以通过一个list推导出另一个list,而代码却十分简洁。

思考:如果list中既包含字符串,又包含整数,由于非字符串类型没有lower()方法,所以列表生成式会报错:

>>> L = ['Hello', 'World', 18, 'Apple', None]
>>> [s.lower() for s in L]
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'lower'

Copy after login

使用内建的isinstance函数可以判断一个变量是不是字符串:

>>> x = 'abc'
>>> y = 123
>>> isinstance(x, str)
True
>>> isinstance(y, str)
False

Copy after login

请修改列表生成式,通过添加if语句保证列表生成式能正确地执行。

Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
2 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Hello Kitty Island Adventure: How To Get Giant Seeds
1 months ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Two Point Museum: All Exhibits And Where To Find Them
1 months ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Is the conversion speed fast when converting XML to PDF on mobile phone? Is the conversion speed fast when converting XML to PDF on mobile phone? Apr 02, 2025 pm 10:09 PM

The speed of mobile XML to PDF depends on the following factors: the complexity of XML structure. Mobile hardware configuration conversion method (library, algorithm) code quality optimization methods (select efficient libraries, optimize algorithms, cache data, and utilize multi-threading). Overall, there is no absolute answer and it needs to be optimized according to the specific situation.

Is there any mobile app that can convert XML into PDF? Is there any mobile app that can convert XML into PDF? Apr 02, 2025 pm 08:54 PM

An application that converts XML directly to PDF cannot be found because they are two fundamentally different formats. XML is used to store data, while PDF is used to display documents. To complete the transformation, you can use programming languages ​​and libraries such as Python and ReportLab to parse XML data and generate PDF documents.

How to control the size of XML converted to images? How to control the size of XML converted to images? Apr 02, 2025 pm 07:24 PM

To generate images through XML, you need to use graph libraries (such as Pillow and JFreeChart) as bridges to generate images based on metadata (size, color) in XML. The key to controlling the size of the image is to adjust the values ​​of the &lt;width&gt; and &lt;height&gt; tags in XML. However, in practical applications, the complexity of XML structure, the fineness of graph drawing, the speed of image generation and memory consumption, and the selection of image formats all have an impact on the generated image size. Therefore, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of XML structure, proficient in the graphics library, and consider factors such as optimization algorithms and image format selection.

How to convert XML files to PDF on your phone? How to convert XML files to PDF on your phone? Apr 02, 2025 pm 10:12 PM

It is impossible to complete XML to PDF conversion directly on your phone with a single application. It is necessary to use cloud services, which can be achieved through two steps: 1. Convert XML to PDF in the cloud, 2. Access or download the converted PDF file on the mobile phone.

What is the function of C language sum? What is the function of C language sum? Apr 03, 2025 pm 02:21 PM

There is no built-in sum function in C language, so it needs to be written by yourself. Sum can be achieved by traversing the array and accumulating elements: Loop version: Sum is calculated using for loop and array length. Pointer version: Use pointers to point to array elements, and efficient summing is achieved through self-increment pointers. Dynamically allocate array version: Dynamically allocate arrays and manage memory yourself, ensuring that allocated memory is freed to prevent memory leaks.

Recommended XML formatting tool Recommended XML formatting tool Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:03 PM

XML formatting tools can type code according to rules to improve readability and understanding. When selecting a tool, pay attention to customization capabilities, handling of special circumstances, performance and ease of use. Commonly used tool types include online tools, IDE plug-ins, and command-line tools.

How to open xml format How to open xml format Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:00 PM

Use most text editors to open XML files; if you need a more intuitive tree display, you can use an XML editor, such as Oxygen XML Editor or XMLSpy; if you process XML data in a program, you need to use a programming language (such as Python) and XML libraries (such as xml.etree.ElementTree) to parse.

Is there a mobile app that can convert XML into PDF? Is there a mobile app that can convert XML into PDF? Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:45 PM

There is no APP that can convert all XML files into PDFs because the XML structure is flexible and diverse. The core of XML to PDF is to convert the data structure into a page layout, which requires parsing XML and generating PDF. Common methods include parsing XML using Python libraries such as ElementTree and generating PDFs using ReportLab library. For complex XML, it may be necessary to use XSLT transformation structures. When optimizing performance, consider using multithreaded or multiprocesses and select the appropriate library.

See all articles