Python通过websocket与js客户端通信示例分析
具体的 websocket 介绍可见 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket
这里,介绍如何使用 Python 与前端 js 进行通信。
websocket 使用 HTTP 协议完成握手之后,不通过 HTTP 直接进行 websocket 通信。
于是,使用 websocket 大致两个步骤:使用 HTTP 握手,通信。
js 处理 websocket 要使用 ws 模块; Python 处理则使用 socket 模块建立 TCP 连接即可,比一般的 socket ,只多一个握手以及数据处理的步骤。
握手
过程
包格式
js 客户端先向服务器端 python 发送握手包,格式如下:
GET /chat HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ== Origin: http://example.com Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
服务器回应包格式:
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo= Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat
其中, Sec-WebSocket-Key 是随机的,服务器用这些数据构造一个 SHA-1 信息摘要。
方法为: key+migic , SHA-1 加密, base-64 加密,如下:
Python 中的处理代码
MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest())
握手完整代码
js 端
js 中有处理 websocket 的类,初始化后自动发送握手包,如下:
var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3368');
Python 端
Python 用 socket 接受得到握手字符串,处理后发送
HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 3368 MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' HANDSHAKE_STRING = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: {1}\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location: ws://{2}/chat\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Protocol:chat\r\n\r\n" def handshake(con): #con为用socket,accept()得到的socket #这里省略监听,accept的代码,具体可见blog:http://blog.csdn.net/ice110956/article/details/29830627 headers = {} shake = con.recv(1024) if not len(shake): return False header, data = shake.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]: key, val = line.split(': ', 1) headers[key] = val if 'Sec-WebSocket-Key' not in headers: print ('This socket is not websocket, client close.') con.close() return False sec_key = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest()) str_handshake = HANDSHAKE_STRING.replace('{1}', res_key).replace('{2}', HOST + ':' + str(PORT)) print str_handshake con.send(str_handshake) return True
通信
不同版本的浏览器定义的数据帧格式不同, Python 发送和接收时都要处理得到符合格式的数据包,才能通信。
Python 接收
Python 接收到浏览器发来的数据,要解析后才能得到其中的有用数据。
浏览器包格式
固定字节:
( 1000 0001 或是 1000 0002 )这里没用,忽略
包长度字节:
第一位肯定是 1 ,忽略。剩下 7 个位可以得到一个整数 (0 ~ 127) ,其中
( 1-125 )表此字节为长度字节,大小即为长度;
(126)表接下来的两个字节才是长度;
(127)表接下来的八个字节才是长度;
用这种变长的方式表示数据长度,节省数据位。
mark 掩码:
mark 掩码为包长之后的 4 个字节,之后的兄弟数据要与 mark 掩码做运算才能得到真实的数据。
兄弟数据:
得到真实数据的方法:将兄弟数据的每一位 x ,和掩码的第 i%4 位做 xor 运算,其中 i 是 x 在兄弟数据中的索引。
完整代码
def recv_data(self, num): try: all_data = self.con.recv(num) if not len(all_data): return False except: return False else: code_len = ord(all_data[1]) & 127 if code_len == 126: masks = all_data[4:8] data = all_data[8:] elif code_len == 127: masks = all_data[10:14] data = all_data[14:] else: masks = all_data[2:6] data = all_data[6:] raw_str = "" i = 0 for d in data: raw_str += chr(ord(d) ^ ord(masks[i % 4])) i += 1 return raw_str
js 端的 ws 对象,通过 ws.send(str) 即可发送
ws.send(str)
Python 发送
Python 要包数据发送,也需要处理,发送包格式如下
固定字节:固定的 1000 0001( ‘ \x81 ′ )
包长:根据发送数据长度是否超过 125 , 0xFFFF(65535) 来生成 1 个或 3 个或 9 个字节,来代表数据长度。
def send_data(self, data): if data: data = str(data) else: return False token = "\x81" length = len(data) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) #struct为Python中处理二进制数的模块,二进制流为C,或网络流的形式。 data = '%s%s' % (token, data) self.con.send(data) return True
js 端通过回调函数 ws.onmessage() 接受数据
ws.onmessage = function(result,nTime){ alert("从服务端收到的数据:"); alert("最近一次发送数据到现在接收一共使用时间:" + nTime); console.log(result); }
最终代码
Python服务端
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_ __author__ = 'Patrick' import socket import threading import sys import os import MySQLdb import base64 import hashlib import struct # ====== config ====== HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 3368 MAGIC_STRING = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' HANDSHAKE_STRING = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: {1}\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location: ws://{2}/chat\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Protocol:chat\r\n\r\n" class Th(threading.Thread): def __init__(self, connection,): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.con = connection def run(self): while True: try: pass self.con.close() def recv_data(self, num): try: all_data = self.con.recv(num) if not len(all_data): return False except: return False else: code_len = ord(all_data[1]) & 127 if code_len == 126: masks = all_data[4:8] data = all_data[8:] elif code_len == 127: masks = all_data[10:14] data = all_data[14:] else: masks = all_data[2:6] data = all_data[6:] raw_str = "" i = 0 for d in data: raw_str += chr(ord(d) ^ ord(masks[i % 4])) i += 1 return raw_str # send data def send_data(self, data): if data: data = str(data) else: return False token = "\x81" length = len(data) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) #struct为Python中处理二进制数的模块,二进制流为C,或网络流的形式。 data = '%s%s' % (token, data) self.con.send(data) return True # handshake def handshake(con): headers = {} shake = con.recv(1024) if not len(shake): return False header, data = shake.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]: key, val = line.split(': ', 1) headers[key] = val if 'Sec-WebSocket-Key' not in headers: print ('This socket is not websocket, client close.') con.close() return False sec_key = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] res_key = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(sec_key + MAGIC_STRING).digest()) str_handshake = HANDSHAKE_STRING.replace('{1}', res_key).replace('{2}', HOST + ':' + str(PORT)) print str_handshake con.send(str_handshake) return True def new_service(): """start a service socket and listen when coms a connection, start a new thread to handle it""" sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) try: sock.bind(('localhost', 3368)) sock.listen(1000) #链接队列大小 print "bind 3368,ready to use" except: print("Server is already running,quit") sys.exit() while True: connection, address = sock.accept() #返回元组(socket,add),accept调用时会进入waite状态 print "Got connection from ", address if handshake(connection): print "handshake success" try: t = Th(connection, layout) t.start() print 'new thread for client ...' except: print 'start new thread error' connection.close() if __name__ == '__main__': new_service()
js客户 端
<script> var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3368'); ws.onmessage = function(result,nTime){ alert("从服务端收到的数据:"); alert("最近一次发送数据到现在接收一共使用时间:" + nTime); console.log(result); } </script>

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