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python中List的sort方法指南

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Release: 2016-06-06 11:32:25
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简单记一下python中List的sort方法(或者sorted内建函数)的用法。 

List的元素可以是各种东西,字符串,字典,自己定义的类等。

sorted函数用法如下:

sorted(data, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) 

其中,data是待排序数据,可以使List或者iterator, cmp和key都是函数,这两个函数作用与data的元素上产生一个结果,sorted方法根据这个结果来排序。

cmp(e1, e2) 是带两个参数的比较函数, 返回值: 负数: e1 e2. 默认为 None, 即用内建的比较函数.
key 是带一个参数的函数, 用来为每个元素提取比较值. 默认为 None, 即直接比较每个元素.
通常, key 和 reverse 比 cmp 快很多, 因为对每个元素它们只处理一次; 而 cmp 会处理多次.

通过例子来说明sorted的用法:

1. 对由tuple组成的List排序

>>> students = [('john', 'A', 15), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('dave', 'B', 10),] 

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用key函数排序(lambda的用法见 注释1)

>>> sorted(students, key=lambda student : student[2])  # sort by age 
[('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

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用cmp函数排序

>>> sorted(students, cmp=lambda x,y : cmp(x[2], y[2])) # sort by age 
[('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

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用 operator 函数来加快速度, 上面排序等价于:(itemgetter的用法见 注释2)

>>> from operator import itemgetter, attrgetter 
>>> sorted(students, key=itemgetter(2)) 

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用 operator 函数进行多级排序

>>> sorted(students, key=itemgetter(1,2)) # sort by grade then by age 
[('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)] 
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2. 对由字典排序

>>> d = {'data1':3, 'data2':1, 'data3':2, 'data4':4} 
>>> sorted(d.iteritems(), key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True) 
[('data4', 4), ('data1', 3), ('data3', 2), ('data2', 1)] 
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注释1
参考:http://jasonwu.me/2011/10/29/introduce-to-python-lambda.html

注释2
参考:http://ar.newsmth.net/thread-90745710c90cf1.html

class itemgetter(__builtin__.object) 
| itemgetter(item, ...) --> itemgetter object 
| 
| Return a callable object that fetches the given item(s) from its operand. 
| After, f=itemgetter(2), the call f(r) returns r[2]. 
| After, g=itemgetter(2,5,3), the call g(r) returns (r[2], r[5], r[3]) 
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相当于

def itemgetter(i,*a):  
  def func(obj):  
    r = obj[i]  
    if a:  
      r = (r,) + tuple(obj[i] for i in a)  
    return r  
  return func  
 
>>> a = [1,2,3]  
>>> b=operator.itemgetter(1)  
>>> b(a)  
2  
>>> b=operator.itemgetter(1,0)  
>>> b(a)  
(2, 1)  
>>> b=itemgetter(1)  
>>> b(a)  
2  
>>> b=itemgetter(1,0)  
>>> b(a)  
(2, 1)  

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参考资料:
1. http://www.linuxso.com/linuxbiancheng/13340.html
2. http://www.douban.com/note/13460891/

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