python基础教程之自定义函数介绍
函数最重要的目的是方便我们重复使用相同的一段程序。
将一些操作隶属于一个函数,以后你想实现相同的操作的时候,只用调用函数名就可以,而不需要重复敲所有的语句。
函数的定义
首先,我们要定义一个函数, 以说明这个函数的功能。
代码如下:
def square_sum(a,b):
c = a**2 + b**2
return c
这个函数的功能是求两个数的平方和。
首先,def,这个关键字通知python:我在定义一个函数。square_sum是函数名。
括号中的a, b是函数的参数,是对函数的输入。参数可以有多个,也可以完全没有(但括号要保留)。
我们已经在循环和选择中见过冒号和缩进来表示的隶属关系。
代码如下:
c = a**2 + b**2 # 这一句是函数内部进行的运算
return c # 返回c的值,也就是输出的功能。Python的函数允许不返回值,也就是不用return。
return可以返回多个值,以逗号分隔。相当于返回一个tuple(定值表)。
return a,b,c # 相当于 return (a,b,c)
在Python中,当程序执行到return的时候,程序将停止执行函数内余下的语句。return并不是必须的,当没有return, 或者return后面没有返回值时,函数将自动返回None。None是Python中的一个特别的数据类型,用来表示什么都没有,相当于C中的NULL。None多用于关键字参数传递的默认值。
函数调用和参数传递
定义过函数后,就可以在后面程序中使用这一函数
代码如下:
print square_sum(3,4)
Python通过位置,知道3对应的是函数定义中的第一个参数a, 4对应第二个参数b,然后把参数传递给函数square_sum。
(Python有丰富的参数传递方式,还有关键字传递、表传递、字典传递等,基础教程将只涉及位置传递)
函数经过运算,返回值25, 这个25被print打印出来。
我们再看下面两个例子
代码如下:
a = 1
def change_integer(a):
a = a + 1
return a
print change_integer(a)
print a
#===(Python中 "#" 后面跟的内容是注释,不执行 )
b = [1,2,3]
def change_list(b):
b[0] = b[0] + 1
return b
print change_list(b)
print b
第一个例子,我们将一个整数变量传递给函数,函数对它进行操作,但原整数变量a不发生变化。
第二个例子,我们将一个表传递给函数,函数进行操作,原来的表b发生变化。
对于基本数据类型的变量,变量传递给函数后,函数会在内存中复制一个新的变量,从而不影响原来的变量。(我们称此为值传递)
但是对于表来说,表传递给函数的是一个指针,指针指向序列在内存中的位置,在函数中对表的操作将在原有内存中进行,从而影响原有变量。 (我们称此为指针传递)
总结
代码如下:
def function_name(a,b,c):
statement
return something # return不是必须的
函数的目的: 提高程序的重复可用性。
代码如下:
return None
通过位置,传递参数。
基本数据类型的参数:值传递
表作为参数:指针传递
练习:
写一个判断闰年的函数,参数为年、月、日。若是是闰年,返回True

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