不同的语言中多进程和多线程具体的原理是什么?

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Release: 2016-06-06 16:23:28
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python中由于全局锁(GIL)的存在导致多线程并不能利用多核,看了一些资料说,java好像对多线程的处理是可以利用多核的硬件资源的(因为java直接调用的操作系统的多线程接口处理的)。不同的语言对多线程的处理是否能做到利用硬件,主要取决于编译器或者解释器对线程的包装吗?还有python中多进程是怎样一个概念,不是说一个程序只有一个进程,进程里面可以有多个线程,那么python是怎么在一个程序中用多个进程的?

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Python中由于全局锁(GIL)的存在导致多线程并不能利用多核,看了一些资料说,Java好像对多线程的处理是可以利用多核的硬件资源的(因为 Java直接调用的操作系统的多线程接口处理的)。不同的语言对多线程的处理是否能做到利用硬件,主要取决于编译器或者解释器对线程的包装吗?

我感觉你括号里那句“因为 Java直接调用的操作系统的多线程接口处理的”好像并不是 Python 和 Java 在多线程上存在差异的原因,你去翻下 Python 源码的 Thread.h 以及相关的一串头文件就会发现,Python 中的线程在 Linux 上是调用了 pthread_create(),在 Windows上是调用了 CreateThread(),都是根正苗红的原生线程

真正导致差异的,其实就是你一开始提到的 GIL,这个跟是不是“直接调用操作系统的多线程接口”没啥关系。其实 Python 的 GIL 只在 CPython 这个实现中存在,Jython 是没有的,Ruby 的 MRI 实现也有 GIL,而 JRuby 就没有 GIL

Python 源码中的 ceval.c 文件有 GIL 刷存在感的现场,比如第 256 行至第 290 行如下所示
<code class="language-c"><span class="kt">void</span>
<span class="nf">PyEval_AcquireLock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">PyThread_acquire_lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">interpreter_lock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="kt">void</span>
<span class="nf">PyEval_ReleaseLock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">PyThread_release_lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">interpreter_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="kt">void</span>
<span class="nf">PyEval_AcquireThread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyThreadState</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tstate</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tstate</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">Py_FatalError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"PyEval_AcquireThread: NULL new thread state"</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="cm">/* Check someone has called PyEval_InitThreads() to create the lock */</span>
    <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">interpreter_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="n">PyThread_acquire_lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">interpreter_lock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyThreadState_Swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tstate</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">Py_FatalError</span><span class="p">(</span>
            <span class="s">"PyEval_AcquireThread: non-NULL old thread state"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="kt">void</span>
<span class="nf">PyEval_ReleaseThread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyThreadState</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tstate</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tstate</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">Py_FatalError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"PyEval_ReleaseThread: NULL thread state"</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyThreadState_Swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tstate</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">Py_FatalError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"PyEval_ReleaseThread: wrong thread state"</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="n">PyThread_release_lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">interpreter_lock</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code>
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GIL这个东西,跟实现有关。java的每一个对象都继承了object类的六个方法,其中包括wait和notify.如果cpython也这么干,就没gil了。实际上,鸟叔曾搞出过这样的python版本,但是由于单线程性能急剧下降,大家不乐意又换成Gil版本了。 多线程难道不是等io用么→_→
以及这玩意主要看实现是怎么实现的
python也有多进程啊(*/ω\*) 第一个问题是的,python无法利用多核是因为其运行时,虚拟机解析器,是单线程的。(估计一开始就设计成这个样子),于是任意个时刻虚拟机能运行上下文只有一份,也只在处理一份python虚拟机指令。多线程其实是假的,通过GIL锁住了运行上下文状态,切换上下文来模拟多线程

进程这个,和语言无关,和操作系统有关。多进程就是利用操作系统功能创建的进程而已,不是在同一个程序中。 有些语言可以调用操作系统API,最直接
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