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PHP函数similar_text()原理分析

Jun 06, 2016 pm 08:07 PM
php text function analyze principle

PHP有个计算两个字符串相似度的函数similar_text(),可以得出一个百分比来表示两个字符串的相似程度。效果如下: similar_text('aaaa', 'aaaa', $percent);var_dump($percent);//float(100)similar_text('aaaa', 'aaaabbbb', $percent);var_dump($percent);/

PHP有个计算两个字符串相似度的函数similar_text(),可以得出一个百分比来表示两个字符串的相似程度。效果如下:

similar_text('aaaa', 'aaaa', $percent);
var_dump($percent);
//float(100)
similar_text('aaaa', 'aaaabbbb', $percent);
var_dump($percent);
//float(66.666666666667)
similar_text('abcdef', 'aabcdefg', $percent);
var_dump($percent);
//float(85.714285714286)
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利用这个函数,可以用来做模糊搜索的功能,或者其他需要模糊匹配的功能。最近我在验证码识别研究中的特征匹配一步上涉及到了这个函数。

但这个函数具体使用了怎样的算法呢?我研究了他的底层实现,总结为三步:

(1)找出两个字符串中相同部分最长的一段;
(2)再用同样的方法在剩下的两段中分别找出相同部分最长的一段,以此类推,直到没有任何相同部分;
(3)相似度 = 所有相同部分的长度之和 * 2 / 两个字符串的长度之和;

我研究的源代码版本是PHP 5.4.6,相关的代码位于文件php-5.4.6/ext/standard/string.c的第2951~3031行。以下是我加过注释后源代码。

//找出两个字符串中相同部分最长的一段
static void php_similar_str(const char *txt1, int len1, const char *txt2, int len2, int *pos1, int *pos2, int *max)
{
	char *p, *q;
	char *end1 = (char *) txt1 + len1;
	char *end2 = (char *) txt2 + len2;
	int l;
	*max = 0;
	//以第一个字符串为基准开始遍历
	for (p = (char *) txt1; p  *max) {
				*max = l;
				*pos1 = p - txt1;
				*pos2 = q - txt2;
			}
		}
	}
}
//计算两个字符串的相同部分的总长度
static int php_similar_char(const char *txt1, int len1, const char *txt2, int len2)
{
	int sum;
	int pos1, pos2, max;
	//找出两个字符串相同部分最长的一段
	php_similar_str(txt1, len1, txt2, len2, &pos1, &pos2, &max);
	//这里是对sum的初始赋值,也是对max值的判断
	//如果max为零,表示两个字符串没有任何相同的字符,也就会跳出if
	if ((sum = max)) {
		//对前半段递归,相同段长度累加
		if (pos1 && pos2) {
			sum += php_similar_char(txt1, pos1,
									txt2, pos2);
		}
		//对后半段递归,相同段长度累加
		if ((pos1 + max  2) {
		convert_to_double_ex(percent);
	}
	//如果两个字符串长度都为0,返回0
	if (t1_len + t2_len == 0) {
		if (ac > 2) {
			Z_DVAL_PP(percent) = 0;
		}
		RETURN_LONG(0);
	}
	//调用上面的函数,计算两个字符串的相似度
	sim = php_similar_char(t1, t1_len, t2, t2_len);
	//可以看到percent的计算公式
	if (ac > 2) {
		Z_DVAL_PP(percent) = sim * 200.0 / (t1_len + t2_len);
	}
	RETURN_LONG(sim);
}
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另外,PHP还提供了另外一个计算字符串相似度的函数levenshtein(),通过计算两个字符串的编辑距离来表示字符串相似度,这也是一种很常见的算法。levenshtein()的性能相比similar_text()要好一些,因为通过前面的代码分析可以看到,similar_text()的复杂度是O(n^3),n表示最长字符串的长度,而levenshtein()的复杂度为O(m*n),m与n分别为两个字符串的长度。

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