L'air est chargé de l'odeur du parchemin et du crépitement de l'énergie magique, alors que nous plongeons dans les profondeurs de la magie des données. Aujourd'hui, nous allons explorer une technique envoûtante connue sous le nom de One-Hot Encoding. Imaginez transformer un Pixie espiègle, avec sa personnalité vibrante et sa nature imprévisible, en une série de coordonnées précises sur une carte magique. C'est, cher lecteur, l'essence de One-Hot Encoding. ?♂️✨
Tout comme la baguette du professeur McGonagall peut transformer une tasse de thé en teckel, ce sort peut transformer des données catégorielles – ces étiquettes embêtantes qui refusent de se conformer aux calculs numériques – dans un format que nos modèles peuvent comprendre. Considérez-le comme transformant un essaim chaotique de Poufsouffles, Serdaigles, Gryffondors et Serpentards en une grille soignée de uns et de zéros, chacun représentant une maison spécifique. ?✨
Avec One-Hot Encoding, nous créons de nouvelles colonnes pour chaque catégorie unique, en les remplissant de uns et de zéros pour indiquer la présence ou l'absence. C’est comme trier les elfes de maison espiègles dans leurs pièces désignées, en s’assurant que chacun dispose de son propre espace. À la fin de ce chapitre, vous serez en mesure de lancer ce sort avec la confiance d'un maître chevronné des Charmes, transformant vos données d'un nœud emmêlé en une tapisserie magnifiquement organisée. ?✨
Dans le domaine enchanteur de la science des données, où les nombres dansent et les modèles se révèlent, nous rencontrons une curieuse race d'informations connues sous le nom de données catégorielles. Contrairement à leurs homologues numériques, ces points de données ne représentent pas des quantités mais plutôt des catégories ou des groupes distincts.
Imaginez le Choixpeau à Poudlard, ce vieil objet magique et sage qui place les étudiants dans la maison qui leur revient. Les maisons – Gryffondor, Poufsouffle, Serdaigle et Serpentard – sont des exemples de données catégorielles. Elles représentent des groupes distincts dotés de caractéristiques uniques, tout comme les maisons elles-mêmes. De même, le type d’animal de compagnie choisi par un élève – un hibou fidèle, un chat ronronnant ou un crapaud grincheux – entre également dans la catégorie des données catégorielles.
Les données catégorielles, c'est comme placer des étiquettes magiques sur des objets, nous aidant à différencier et les classer. Tout comme un étudiant en herbologie catégoriserait méticuleusement différentes plantes en fonction de leurs propriétés, nous utilisons des données catégorielles pour trier et comprendre les divers éléments de nos ensembles de données. En comprenant ces étiquettes magiques, nous pouvons débloquer des modèles cachés et lancer de puissants sorts (analyses) pour découvrir les secrets de nos données. Cherchons à en savoir plus sur les valeurs qui se cachent sous la colonne Maison, lancez votre baguette, chers sorciers. ?✨
# Displaying the unique categories in the 'House' column
unique_houses = hogwarts_df['house'].unique()
print(f"Unique Houses: {unique_houses}")
Unique Houses: ['Gryffindor' 'Slytherin' 'Ravenclaw' 'Hufflepuff' 'Durmstrang' 'Beauxbatons']
Comprendre ces catégories est crucial car nos algorithmes (ou modèles) magiques doivent savoir interpréter ces données. Cependant, ces algorithmes ont souvent du mal avec les données non numériques, car ils sont plus à l’aise avec les chiffres. C'est là que la magie du One-Hot Encoding entre en jeu.
Imaginez nos dossiers d'élèves de Poudlard, remplis de détails enchanteurs comme la maison, le type de baguette et le sujet préféré. Ces qualités sont comme des sceaux magiques, porteurs d'énergies uniques. Cependant, nos brillants modèles de données, bien que capables de prouesses merveilleuses, ne peuvent pas déchiffrer directement ces sceaux. Nous devons les transformer dans un langage qu’ils comprennent : les chiffres.
Entrez le sort de One-Hot Encoding, une puissante incantation qui révèle l'essence cachée de chaque variable catégorielle. C'est comme lancer un sort Lumos sur une chambre cachée, illuminant chaque coin et recoin. D'un simple coup de baguette de codage, nous transformons chaque catégorie en sa propre colonne autonome. Si un élève appartient à Gryffondor, par exemple, un 1 apparaîtra comme par magie dans la colonne Gryffondor, tandis que les autres colonnes de la maison resteront sombres.
Cette transformation s'apparente à la création d'une tapisserie magique, où chaque fil représente une catégorie. En tissant ces fils ensemble, nous créons un portrait riche et détaillé de nos étudiants, prêt à être analysé par nos modèles de données. C'est comme si nous accordions à nos modèles la capacité de voir le monde à travers les yeux d'un buveur de Potion Polynectar, en faisant l'expérience du point de vue unique de chaque élève. Allons-y et essayons d'encoder à chaud notre première colonne ou fonctionnalité, nous essaierons d'abord la colonne de genre.
# Importing necessary libraries
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Assuming hogwarts_df is already defined and contains the 'gender' column
# Applying One-Hot Encoding to the 'gender' column
encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False) # Updated parameter name
encoded_data = encoder.fit_transform(hogwarts_df[['gender']])
# Converting the encoded data into a DataFrame and attaching it to the original dataset
encoded_df = pd.DataFrame(encoded_data, columns=encoder.get_feature_names_out(['gender']))
hogwarts_df = pd.concat([hogwarts_df, encoded_df], axis=1)
# Dropping the original 'gender' column as it's now encoded
hogwarts_df.drop('gender', axis=1, inplace=True)
# Displaying the transformed DataFrame in a scrollable pane
html = hogwarts_df.head(5).to_html() # Convert DataFrame to HTML
scrollable_html = f"""
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto;">
{html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_html))
name age origin specialty house blood_status pet wand_type patronus quidditch_position boggart favorite_class house_points gender_Female gender_Male 0 Harry Potter 11 England Defense Against the Dark Arts Gryffindor Half-blood Owl Holly Stag Seeker Dementor Defense Against the Dark Arts 150.0 0.0 1.0 1 Hermione Granger 11 England Transfiguration Gryffindor Muggle-born Cat Vine Otter Seeker Failure Arithmancy 200.0 1.0 0.0 2 Ron Weasley 11 England Chess Gryffindor Pure-blood Rat Ash Jack Russell Terrier Keeper Spider Charms 50.0 0.0 1.0 3 Draco Malfoy 11 England Potions Slytherin Pure-blood Owl Hawthorn Non-corporeal Seeker Lord Voldemort Potions 100.0 0.0 1.0 4 Luna Lovegood 11 Ireland Creatures Ravenclaw Half-blood Owl Fir Hare Seeker Her mother Creatures 120.0 1.0 0.0
And if you scroll to the right, you might notice that the dataset now has additional two columns, the gender_Female and the gender_Male on top of the existing one, while dropping the original gender column that was there previously.
In the grand tapestry of the wizarding world of data, there exist two primary categories of magical artifacts: Structured Data and Unstructured Data. These are the building blocks of our enchanting spells and powerful potions.
Categorical Data is akin to a well-organized Herbology garden, where every plant (data point) has its rightful place. It's like a neatly filled Hogwarts student record, with columns for names, houses, and wand types, all aligned in perfect order. Structured data is a wizard's delight, easily understood and manipulated with a flick of the wand (or a few lines of code). ?✨
On the other hand, Numerical Data is a sprawling Forbidden Forest, filled with magical creatures (data points) roaming freely. It's like a collection of owls' letters, each with its own unique style and format. This data can be as diverse as the stars in the night sky, ranging from social media posts to news articles, images, and even spoken words. While it holds immense potential, taming this wild magic requires special spells and a keen eye for patterns. ??
Categorical Data (Qualitative Data):
Numerical Data (Quantitative Data):
Imagine a world where numbers and words could converse, where the language of magic flowed seamlessly from one to the other. This is the realm of one-hot encoding, a powerful spell that transforms the mysterious world of text into the concrete world of numbers.
Just as a skilled Herbologist categorizes plants by their properties, one-hot encoding sorts textual data into distinct categories. Consider the Sorting Hat, which assigns students to houses based on their unique qualities. Similarly, one-hot encoding creates separate columns for each category, with values of 0 or 1 indicating whether a data point belongs to that category or not.
For instance, if you have a column representing the houses of Hogwarts students (Gryffindor, Slytherin, Ravenclaw, and Hufflepuff), one-hot encoding would conjure four new columns, one for each house. A value of 1 in the Gryffindor column would signify a student belonging to that house, while other columns would be filled with 0s. This numerical representation allows our magical models to understand and process textual information with ease. With that being said, let's try to transform the remaining of the columns in our dataset, and see what we have to work on. ?
# Importing necessary libraries
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Assuming hogwarts_df is already defined and contains the necessary columns
columns_to_encode = [
'origin', 'specialty', 'blood_status', 'pet', 'wand_type', 'patronus', 'quidditch_position', 'boggart', 'favorite_class'
]
# Creating an instance of OneHotEncoder
encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False)
# List to hold encoded DataFrames
encoded_dfs = []
# Applying One-Hot Encoding to each column and storing the result
for column in columns_to_encode:
encoded_data = encoder.fit_transform(hogwarts_df[[column]])
encoded_df = pd.DataFrame(encoded_data, columns=encoder.get_feature_names_out([column]))
encoded_dfs.append(encoded_df)
# Concatenating all encoded DataFrames into one
encoded_df_combined = pd.concat(encoded_dfs, axis=1)
# Concatenating the encoded DataFrame with the original DataFrame
hogwarts_df = pd.concat([hogwarts_df, encoded_df_combined], axis=1)
# Dropping the original columns that were encoded
hogwarts_df.drop(columns=columns_to_encode, inplace=True)
# Displaying the transformed DataFrame in a scrollable pane
html = hogwarts_df.head(5).to_html() # Convert DataFrame to HTML
scrollable_html = f"""
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto;">
{html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_html))
name age house house_points gender_Female gender_Male origin_Bulgaria origin_England origin_Europe origin_France origin_Indonesia origin_Ireland origin_Scotland origin_USA origin_Wales specialty_Auror specialty_Baking specialty_Charms specialty_Chess specialty_Creatures specialty_Dark Arts specialty_Defense Against the Dark Arts specialty_Dueling specialty_Goat Charming specialty_Gossip specialty_Herbology specialty_History of Magic specialty_Household Charms specialty_Legilimency specialty_Magical Creatures specialty_Memory Charms specialty_Metamorphmagus specialty_Muggle Artifacts specialty_Obscurus specialty_Potions specialty_Quidditch specialty_Strength specialty_Transfiguration specialty_Transformation blood_status_Half-blood blood_status_Muggle-born blood_status_No-mag blood_status_Pure-blood pet_Cat pet_Demiguise pet_Dog pet_Goat pet_Owl pet_Phoenix pet_Rat pet_Snake pet_Toad wand_type_Alder wand_type_Ash wand_type_Birch wand_type_Blackthorn wand_type_Cedar wand_type_Cherry wand_type_Chestnut wand_type_Cypress wand_type_Ebony wand_type_Elder wand_type_Elm wand_type_Fir wand_type_Hawthorn wand_type_Hazel wand_type_Hemlock wand_type_Holly wand_type_Hornbeam wand_type_Maple wand_type_Oak wand_type_Pine wand_type_Rosewood wand_type_Rowan wand_type_Sword wand_type_Teak wand_type_Vine wand_type_Walnut wand_type_Willow wand_type_Yew patronus_Cat patronus_Doe patronus_Dog patronus_Eagle patronus_Hare patronus_Horse patronus_Jack Russell Terrier patronus_Lion patronus_Non-corporeal patronus_Otter patronus_Phoenix patronus_Serpent patronus_Stag patronus_Swan patronus_Wolf quidditch_position_Azkaban quidditch_position_Beater quidditch_position_Chaser quidditch_position_Keeper quidditch_position_Seeker boggart_Ariana's death boggart_Dementor boggart_Dueling boggart_Failure boggart_Full Moon boggart_Her mother boggart_Lily Potter boggart_Lord Voldemort boggart_Severus Snape boggart_Spider boggart_Tom Riddle favorite_class_Arithmancy favorite_class_Baking favorite_class_Charms favorite_class_Creatures favorite_class_Dark Arts favorite_class_Defense Against the Dark Arts favorite_class_Dueling favorite_class_Goat Charming favorite_class_Gossip favorite_class_Herbology favorite_class_Household Charms favorite_class_Legilimency favorite_class_Memory Charms favorite_class_Muggle Studies favorite_class_Obscurus favorite_class_Potions favorite_class_Quidditch favorite_class_Strength favorite_class_Transfiguration favorite_class_Transformation 0 Harry Potter 11 Gryffindor 150.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Hermione Granger 11 Gryffindor 200.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Ron Weasley 11 Gryffindor 50.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 Draco Malfoy 11 Slytherin 100.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4 Luna Lovegood 11 Ravenclaw 120.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
In the magical realm of data science, where numbers hold secrets and patterns dance in the shadows, there exists a particularly enchanting spell: one-hot encoding. This spell is a transfiguration charm, capable of transforming seemingly ordinary text into a numerical language that our magical computers can understand. Imagine a bustling Diagon Alley, filled with shops selling wands, cauldrons, and robes of every color. Each shop has a unique name, a string of letters that defines its identity. Now, picture these shop names as magical creatures, wild and untamed. To harness their power for our spells, we must transform them into something more manageable – numbers.
One-hot encoding is the spell that accomplishes this feat. It takes each unique shop name and creates a separate magical dimension (column) for it. Within these dimensions, we cast a binary spell, assigning a value of 1 to the shop that exists in that dimension and 0 to all others. It's like creating a magical grid, where each shop has its own spotlight moment. With this transformation, our once chaotic collection of shop names becomes an orderly array of numbers, ready to be analyzed and explored.?✨
To convert a numerical column with values ranging from 100 to 200 into a more machine learning-friendly format using one-hot encoding, you typically need to discretize the numerical values into categorical bins first. Here’s how to do it step by step:
You can create bins (categories) for the numerical values. For example, you might define bins like this:
Next, assign each numerical value to its corresponding bin. For example:
| Original Value | Category |
|---|---|
| 100 | 100-120 |
| 110 | 100-120 |
| 125 | 121-140 |
| 145 | 141-160 |
| 165 | 161-180 |
| 180 | 161-180 |
| 200 | 181-200 |
Now, you can apply one-hot encoding to the categorical column. Each category will be represented as a binary vector:
| Original Value | 100-120 | 121-140 | 141-160 | 161-180 | 181-200 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 110 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 125 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 145 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 165 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 180 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
By discretizing the numerical values into categories and applying one-hot encoding, you transform the original numerical data into a format that machine learning algorithms can process effectively. This method captures the categorical nature of the data while preserving the information contained in the original numerical values.
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Step 1: Define bins and labels
bins = [100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200] # Define the bin edges
labels = ['hp_100_120', 'hp_121_140', 'hp_141_160', 'hp_161_180', 'hp_181_200'] # Define the bin labels
# Step 2: Create a new categorical column based on the bins
hogwarts_df['house_category'] = pd.cut(hogwarts_df['house_points'], bins=bins, labels=labels, right=True)
# Step 3: One-hot encode the categorical column
hogwarts_df_encoded = pd.get_dummies(hogwarts_df, columns=['house_category'], prefix='', prefix_sep='')
# Replace True with 1 and False with 0
hogwarts_df_encoded = hogwarts_df_encoded.replace({True: 1, False: 0})
# Drop the house_points column
hogwarts_df_encoded.drop('house_points', axis=1, inplace=True)
# Displaying the transformed DataFrame in a scrollable pane
html = hogwarts_df_encoded.head(5).to_html() # Convert DataFrame to HTML & # Display first 5 rows in a scrollable pane
scrollable_html = f"""
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto;">
{html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_html))
name age house gender_Female gender_Male origin_Bulgaria origin_England origin_Europe origin_France origin_Indonesia origin_Ireland origin_Scotland origin_USA origin_Wales specialty_Auror specialty_Baking specialty_Charms specialty_Chess specialty_Creatures specialty_Dark Arts specialty_Defense Against the Dark Arts specialty_Dueling specialty_Goat Charming specialty_Gossip specialty_Herbology specialty_History of Magic specialty_Household Charms specialty_Legilimency specialty_Magical Creatures specialty_Memory Charms specialty_Metamorphmagus specialty_Muggle Artifacts specialty_Obscurus specialty_Potions specialty_Quidditch specialty_Strength specialty_Transfiguration specialty_Transformation blood_status_Half-blood blood_status_Muggle-born blood_status_No-mag blood_status_Pure-blood pet_Cat pet_Demiguise pet_Dog pet_Goat pet_Owl pet_Phoenix pet_Rat pet_Snake pet_Toad wand_type_Alder wand_type_Ash wand_type_Birch wand_type_Blackthorn wand_type_Cedar wand_type_Cherry wand_type_Chestnut wand_type_Cypress wand_type_Ebony wand_type_Elder wand_type_Elm wand_type_Fir wand_type_Hawthorn wand_type_Hazel wand_type_Hemlock wand_type_Holly wand_type_Hornbeam wand_type_Maple wand_type_Oak wand_type_Pine wand_type_Rosewood wand_type_Rowan wand_type_Sword wand_type_Teak wand_type_Vine wand_type_Walnut wand_type_Willow wand_type_Yew patronus_Cat patronus_Doe patronus_Dog patronus_Eagle patronus_Hare patronus_Horse patronus_Jack Russell Terrier patronus_Lion patronus_Non-corporeal patronus_Otter patronus_Phoenix patronus_Serpent patronus_Stag patronus_Swan patronus_Wolf quidditch_position_Azkaban quidditch_position_Beater quidditch_position_Chaser quidditch_position_Keeper quidditch_position_Seeker boggart_Ariana's death boggart_Dementor boggart_Dueling boggart_Failure boggart_Full Moon boggart_Her mother boggart_Lily Potter boggart_Lord Voldemort boggart_Severus Snape boggart_Spider boggart_Tom Riddle favorite_class_Arithmancy favorite_class_Baking favorite_class_Charms favorite_class_Creatures favorite_class_Dark Arts favorite_class_Defense Against the Dark Arts favorite_class_Dueling favorite_class_Goat Charming favorite_class_Gossip favorite_class_Herbology favorite_class_Household Charms favorite_class_Legilimency favorite_class_Memory Charms favorite_class_Muggle Studies favorite_class_Obscurus favorite_class_Potions favorite_class_Quidditch favorite_class_Strength favorite_class_Transfiguration favorite_class_Transformation hp_100_120 hp_121_140 hp_141_160 hp_161_180 hp_181_200 0 Harry Potter 11 Gryffindor 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Hermione Granger 11 Gryffindor 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Ron Weasley 11 Gryffindor 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Draco Malfoy 11 Slytherin 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Luna Lovegood 11 Ravenclaw 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0
Imagine a bustling Hogwarts Express, filled with students of all ages. From wide-eyed first-years to wise-cracking seventh-years, each student possesses a unique blend of magic and mischief. To better understand these young wizards and witches, we can transform their ages from precise numbers into magical categories.
This process, known as discretization, is like sorting mischievous house-elves into their designated chores. Instead of treating age as a continuous spectrum, we group students into specific age ranges or bins. Picture these bins as enchanted compartments on the Hogwarts Express, each holding students of similar age.
By discretizing age, we unlock a new dimension of magical insight. We can explore how different age groups perform in classes, participate in Quidditch, or even their preferred wand type. It's like casting a revealing charm on our data, uncovering hidden patterns and trends that would otherwise remain obscured. So, let's transform those numbers into magical categories and discover the enchanting secrets hidden within the age of our Hogwarts students! ?✨
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Step 1: Define bins and labels for the age column
bins = [10, 12, 14, 16, 18] # Define the bin edges
labels = ['age_11', 'age_12', 'age_13', 'age_14'] # Define the bin labels
# Step 2: Create a new categorical column based on the bins
hogwarts_df_encoded['age_category'] = pd.cut(hogwarts_df_encoded['age'], bins=bins, labels=labels, right=True)
# Step 3: One-hot encode the categorical column
hogwarts_df_encoded_age = pd.get_dummies(hogwarts_df_encoded, columns=['age_category'], prefix='', prefix_sep='')
# Replace True with 1 and False with 0 (not necessary here since get_dummies already returns integers)
hogwarts_df_encoded_age = hogwarts_df_encoded_age.replace({True: 1, False: 0})
# Drop the age column
hogwarts_df_encoded_age.drop('age', axis=1, inplace=True)
# Displaying the transformed DataFrame in a scrollable pane
html = hogwarts_df_encoded_age.head(5).to_html() # Convert DataFrame to HTML & Display first 5 rows in a scrollable pane
scrollable_html = f"""
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto;">
{html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_html))
Imagine a bustling Hogwarts library, books overflowing from shelves, each with its own peculiar title. Without a proper cataloguing system, finding a specific spellbook would be like searching for a needle in a haystack, wouldn't it? In the realm of data, our columns are like these books. They hold valuable information, but without a clear and consistent naming system, they can quickly become a chaotic mess. This is where the magic of naming conventions comes into play.
Just as a librarian organizes books by subject, author, and title, we must impose order upon our columns. A well-crafted naming convention is like a powerful sorting spell, grouping similar columns together and making them easily identifiable. For example, using prefixes like 'student_', 'subject_', or 'score_' can instantly clarify the column's purpose.
By adopting a clear and consistent naming convention, you'll transform your data from a chaotic jumble into a well-organized magical library. This not only improves readability but also streamlines data manipulation and analysis. So, next time you're wrangling with data, remember the importance of a strong naming convention. It's the first step towards unlocking the hidden treasures within your dataset! ✨
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Assuming hogwarts_df_encoded is already defined and contains the necessary columns
# Manipulate column names
hogwarts_df_encoded_age.columns = hogwarts_df_encoded_age.columns.str.lower().str.replace(' ', '_').str.replace('-', '-').str.replace("'", "")
# Display the transformed DataFrame in a scrollable pane
html = hogwarts_df_encoded_age.head(5).to_html() # Convert first 5 rows to HTML
scrollable_html = f"""
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto;">
{html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_html)) # Display first 5 rows in a scrollable pane
name house gender_female gender_male origin_bulgaria origin_england origin_europe origin_france origin_indonesia origin_ireland origin_scotland origin_usa origin_wales specialty_auror specialty_baking specialty_charms specialty_chess specialty_creatures specialty_dark_arts specialty_defense_against_the_dark_arts specialty_dueling specialty_goat_charming specialty_gossip specialty_herbology specialty_history_of_magic specialty_household_charms specialty_legilimency specialty_magical_creatures specialty_memory_charms specialty_metamorphmagus specialty_muggle_artifacts specialty_obscurus specialty_potions specialty_quidditch specialty_strength specialty_transfiguration specialty_transformation blood_status_half-blood blood_status_muggle-born blood_status_no-mag blood_status_pure-blood pet_cat pet_demiguise pet_dog pet_goat pet_owl pet_phoenix pet_rat pet_snake pet_toad wand_type_alder wand_type_ash wand_type_birch wand_type_blackthorn wand_type_cedar wand_type_cherry wand_type_chestnut wand_type_cypress wand_type_ebony wand_type_elder wand_type_elm wand_type_fir wand_type_hawthorn wand_type_hazel wand_type_hemlock wand_type_holly wand_type_hornbeam wand_type_maple wand_type_oak wand_type_pine wand_type_rosewood wand_type_rowan wand_type_sword wand_type_teak wand_type_vine wand_type_walnut wand_type_willow wand_type_yew patronus_cat patronus_doe patronus_dog patronus_eagle patronus_hare patronus_horse patronus_jack_russell_terrier patronus_lion patronus_non-corporeal patronus_otter patronus_phoenix patronus_serpent patronus_stag patronus_swan patronus_wolf quidditch_position_azkaban quidditch_position_beater quidditch_position_chaser quidditch_position_keeper quidditch_position_seeker boggart_arianas_death boggart_dementor boggart_dueling boggart_failure boggart_full_moon boggart_her_mother boggart_lily_potter boggart_lord_voldemort boggart_severus_snape boggart_spider boggart_tom_riddle favorite_class_arithmancy favorite_class_baking favorite_class_charms favorite_class_creatures favorite_class_dark_arts favorite_class_defense_against_the_dark_arts favorite_class_dueling favorite_class_goat_charming favorite_class_gossip favorite_class_herbology favorite_class_household_charms favorite_class_legilimency favorite_class_memory_charms favorite_class_muggle_studies favorite_class_obscurus favorite_class_potions favorite_class_quidditch favorite_class_strength favorite_class_transfiguration favorite_class_transformation hp_100_120 hp_121_140 hp_141_160 hp_161_180 hp_181_200 age_11 age_12 age_13 age_14 0 Harry Potter Gryffindor 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Hermione Granger Gryffindor 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 Ron Weasley Gryffindor 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 Draco Malfoy Slytherin 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 Luna Lovegood Ravenclaw 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
And once we've satisfied with the results, let's go ahead and save the current dataset to make the next enchanting journey more easier to navigate.
hogwarts_df_encoded_age.to_csv('data/hogwarts-students-03.csv', index=False)
Imagine a vast enchanted forest, teeming with magical creatures and extraordinary plants. Each creature and plant possesses unique qualities, and some may share hidden connections. To unveil these mysterious bonds, we must cast a spell of correlation. A correlation matrix is like a magical map, guiding us through this enchanted forest. Each point on the map represents a different creature or plant, and the lines connecting them reveal the strength of their relationship. A thick, vibrant line signifies a strong connection, while a thin, faint line indicates a weaker bond.
As we explore this magical map, we search for patterns and trends. Are certain creatures often found near specific plants? Do particular plants thrive in the company of others? By deciphering these connections, we can uncover hidden knowledge about the forest and its inhabitants. Just as a skilled Herbologist studies the interactions between plants, we, as data wizards, uncover the hidden relationships between variables. With the correlation matrix as our guide, we embark on a thrilling adventure to explore the magical tapestry of our data! ?️✨
# Importing necessary libraries
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Assuming hogwarts_df is already defined and contains the necessary columns
# Selecting only numerical columns
numerical_df = hogwarts_df_encoded_age.select_dtypes(include=['number'])
# Calculating the correlation matrix
correlation_matrix = numerical_df.corr()
# Displaying the correlation matrix in a scrollable pane
correlation_html = correlation_matrix.to_html() # Convert correlation matrix to HTML
scrollable_correlation_html = f"""
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto;">
{correlation_html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_correlation_html)) # Display correlation matrix in a scrollable pane
And to make our analysis easier, let's just go ahead and save the correlation matrix into a tabular format.
correlation_matrix.to_csv('data/correlation-matrix.csv')
Just as a skilled potioneer carefully examines their ingredients before brewing a powerful concoction, we data scientists must meticulously inspect our data types. These data types are like the magical properties of our ingredients, determining how they will react in our spells (algorithms).
Imagine our dataset as a cauldron brimming with magical elements. Each element, be it a student's age, house, or wand type, has a specific form or essence - its data type. These types can be as diverse as the magical creatures of the Forbidden Forest: numbers (like the count of house points), text (like a student's name), dates (like the founding year of Hogwarts), and more.
Mismatched data types can lead to disastrous results, like a potion exploding or a spell backfiring. That's why we must cast a discerning eye over our data, ensuring each element is of the correct type. It's like checking if a Mandrake root is truly a root and not a disguised Goblin! Only then can we confidently proceed with our magical data transformations. ?♀️✨
# Importing necessary libraries
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display, HTML
# Assuming hogwarts_df is already defined and contains the necessary columns
# Setting display options to show all columns and prevent truncation
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None) # Show all columns
pd.set_option('display.expand_frame_repr', False) # Prevent truncation in output
# Checking the data types of each column
data_types_df = hogwarts_df_encoded_age.dtypes.to_frame(name='Data Type') # Convert data types to a DataFrame
# Displaying the data types in a scrollable pane
data_types_html = data_types_df.to_html() # Convert DataFrame to HTML
scrollable_data_types_html = f"""
<div style="height: 150px; overflow: auto;">
{data_types_html}
</div>
"""
display(HTML(scrollable_data_types_html)) # Display data types in a scrollable pane
Data Type name object house object gender_female float64 gender_male float64 origin_bulgaria float64 origin_england float64 origin_europe float64 origin_france float64 origin_indonesia float64 origin_ireland float64 origin_scotland float64 origin_usa float64 origin_wales float64 specialty_auror float64 specialty_baking float64 specialty_charms float64 specialty_chess float64 specialty_creatures float64 specialty_dark_arts float64 specialty_defense_against_the_dark_arts float64 specialty_dueling float64 specialty_goat_charming float64 specialty_gossip float64 specialty_herbology float64 specialty_history_of_magic float64 specialty_household_charms float64 specialty_legilimency float64 specialty_magical_creatures float64
And now, dear apprentices, Gemika Haziq Nugroho has prepared a quiz to test your understanding of this powerful encoding spell. Are you ready to decode the mysteries of One-Hot Encoding?
Answer these questions to prove your mastery over the art of data transformation. As we continue our journey through the magical world of data science, remember that each spell we learn brings us closer to unveiling the secrets of our enchanted dataset. ??♂️✨
With these newfound skills, you're well-equipped to handle categorical data in any dataset. The path to becoming a master data wizard is full of wonder and discovery, and with each step, we draw closer to the heart of the magical data that surrounds us. Let us press on, eager to learn and ready to explore! ??
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