Node.js est un environnement d'exécution qui vous permet d'exécuter du code JavaScript côté serveur pour créer des applications côté serveur. Cela fonctionne bien pour créer des applications rapides et évolutives.
Dans cet article, j'utiliserai une application simple de gestion d'événements comme exemple pour vous montrer comment créer une application à l'aide de Node.js, Express.js et MongoDB.
À la fin, vous saurez comment configurer un projet Node.js, créer un serveur avec Express.js, afficher des pages dynamiques avec JavaScript intégré et vous connecter à une base de données MongoDB pour gérer vos données.
Tout d'abord, vous devrez télécharger et installer Node.js. Ensuite, vous pouvez vérifier l'installation en exécutant : node -v et npm -v.
Créez un nouveau répertoire pour votre projet. Initialisez ensuite le projet avec npm : npm init -y dans votre terminal.
mkdir event-app cd event-app npm init -y
L'exécution de npm init -y crée le fichier package.json, comme indiqué ci-dessus. Ce dossier est crucial. Il stocke et suit toutes les bibliothèques tierces (dépendances) nécessaires à votre application.
Pour configurer votre serveur, créez un fichier appelé server.js ou app.js. Ce sont des noms communs. Ils sont utilisés pour leur caractère descriptif. Mais vous pouvez nommer le fichier comme vous le souhaitez.
Le fichier server.js sera utilisé pour créer un serveur qui servira à gérer, contrôler et acheminer vers la page nécessaire dans notre application.
Express.js est un framework d'application Web populaire pour Node.js et une bibliothèque tierce que nous utilisons dans notre application.
Express simplifie la gestion et la définition de différentes routes pour les requêtes HTTP. Il permet de gérer le routage de l'application et de la connecter au serveur.
Installez Express.js en exécutant la commande suivante dans votre terminal :
npm install express
Exigez Express dans votre fichier server.js.
const express = require('express')
Initialisez Express pour pouvoir l'utiliser dans votre application.
const app = express()
Créez un chemin de routage pour obtenir la requête HTTP.
//routing path app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('Hello World!'); });
Enfin, nous devons nous assurer que la connexion au serveur est correctement configurée. Lorsque nous démarrons le serveur dans le terminal, il s'ouvrira dans le navigateur.
Pour ce faire, utilisez la méthode Listen().
// Start the server app.listen(3000, () => { console.log('Server started on port 3000'); });
Cette méthode écoutera() les requêtes du serveur.
Voici le processus complet de codage :
const express = require('express'); // Next initialize the application const app = express(); // routing path app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('Hello World!'); }); // Start the server app.listen(3000, () => { console.log('Server started on port 3000'); });
Remarque : Le chemin de routage ci-dessus était uniquement destiné à des fins de test pour confirmer que le serveur fonctionne et est connecté. Nous fournirons un fichier différent pour l'application événementielle que nous créons.
Avec Express.js installé dans votre application, vous pouvez désormais créer un serveur qui gérera tous vos routages et connexions.
Pour démarrer le serveur, rendez-vous sur votre terminal.
Utilisez le mot-clé node, puis tapez --watch qui est un indicateur pour démarrer et redémarrer automatiquement le serveur chaque fois que vous apportez des modifications :
node --watch server.js
Ou vous pouvez installer nodemon dans le même but. nodemon détecte les modifications dans le répertoire et redémarre votre application.
npm install -g nodemon
Ensuite, lancez votre serveur avec :
nodemon server.js
Nous avons besoin d'un moteur de création de modèles pour afficher le code HTML dans le navigateur à l'aide de Node.js. Nous utiliserons ejs (Embedded JavaScript) pour ce tutoriel, mais il en existe d'autres tels que Pug (anciennement connu sous le nom de Jade) et Expressbar, qui affichent également du HTML sur le serveur.
ejs vous permet d'intégrer du JavaScript dans HTML pour créer des pages Web dynamiques.
Pour installer ejs, exécutez :
npm install ejs
Pour configurer ejs dans server.js, exigez et définissez ejs comme moteur de création de modèles :
const express = require('express'); const app = express(); app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
Avec cette configuration, vous pouvez désormais activer le rendu dynamique du code HTML dans votre application Node.js.
Pour enregistrer les données que vous créez pour votre application, vous utiliserez MongoDB.
MongoDB is a "Not Only SQL" (NoSQL) database that's designed for storing document collections. Traditional SQL databases organize data into tables, but MongoDB is optimised for handling large volumes of data.
To read more about this, check out this article.
Now we need to connect to the database which will be MongoDB for this tutorial.
Using MongoDB provides you with a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to connect to your application. This URL connect you and acts as a communicator between the database and your application.
To get the URL, follow these simple steps:
Sign Up/Log In: Go to the MongoDB website and sign up for an account or log in if you already have one.
Create a Cluster: Once logged in, create a new cluster. This will set up your database.
Connect to Your Cluster: After your cluster is created, click the "Connect" button.
Choose a Connection Method: Select "Connect your application".
Copy the Connection String: MongoDB will provide a connection string (URL) like this:
mongodb+srv://<username>:<password>@cluster0.mongodb.net/<dbname>?retryWrites=true&w=majority
6.Replace the Placeholders: Replace with your actual username, password, and database name.
Now that you have the URL, you can easily connect to your database.
To make this connection easier, we will use a tool called Mongoose.
Mongoose is a JavaScript library that makes it easier to work with MongoDB in a Node.js environment. It provides a simple way to model your data. You can also define schemas, do data validation, and build queries.
MongoDB has already provided you with a URL for connection. Now you'll use Mongoose to send your documents to the database.
To use Mongoose in your project, follow these steps:
Install Mongoose using npm.
npm i mongoose
In your server.js file, you need to require Mongoose to use it as a connector to the database.
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
After you require Mongoose, you need to define the connection URL provided in your server.js file.
server.js:
const mongoose = require('mongoose'); // Replace <username>, <password>, and <dbname> with your actual credentials const dbURL = 'mongodb+srv://<username>:<password>@cluster0.mongodb.net/<dbname>?retryWrites=true&w=majority'; mongoose .connect(process.env.dbURL) .then((result) => { console.log('Connected to MongoDB'); app.listen(3000, () => { console.log('Server started on port 3000'); }); }) .catch((err) => { console.error('Could not connect to MongoDB:', err); });
This setup ensures that Mongoose acts as the connector. It connects your application to the MongoDB database.
Next, we need to create a model document called a Schema so that when you post data to your database it will be saved accordingly.
In the event.js file, you will use Mongoose to define the schema for the event documents. You'll specify the structure and data types for the documents you will send to your database.
Here's the event.js file created inside the model folder:
const mongoose = require('mongoose'); // Schema const EventSchema = new mongoose.Schema( { title: { type: String, required: true, }, date: { type: Date, required: true, }, organizer: { type: String, required: true, }, price: { type: String, required: true, }, time: { type: String, required: true, }, location: { type: String, required: true, }, description: { type: String, required: true, }, }, { timestamps: true } ); const Event = mongoose.model('event', EventSchema); module.exports = Event;
When this is done, export so you can use it in your server.js file by simply using the require keyword.
With the schema created, it can now be exported to the server.js file.
Your server.js will look like this:
const express = require('express'); const ejs = require('ejs'); const mongoose = require('mongoose'); const Event = require('../models/Events');// the event.js file
As we talked about earlier, we're using ejs in step 4 to render HTML code, allowing us to view the code in the browser.
Form Page
First, let's create a form page. With the form page created, you'll be able to make POST requests which will enable you to send data to your MongoDB database.
To create a basic form, ensure it includes:
An action attribute which specifies the route to send the data.
A method attribute which specifies the HTTP request method – in this case, the POST request.
A basic form:
<form action="/submit-event" method="POST"> <h2>Event Creation Form</h2> <label for="title">Title</label> <input type="text" id="title" name="title" required> <label for="date">Date</label> <input type="date" id="date" name="date" required> <label for="organizer">Organizer</label> <input type="text" id="organizer" name="organizer" required> <label for="price">Price</label> <input type="text" id="price" name="price" required> <label for="time">Time</label> <input type="text" id="time" name="time" required> <label for="location">Location</label> <input type="text" id="location" name="location" required> <label for="description">Description</label> <textarea id="description" name="description" rows="4" required></textarea> <button type="submit">Submit</button> </form>
NB: Make sure to add the name attribute to each input, or it won't post.
The form created above will let you post data to the specified route. You will then process and store it in your database.
Here's the result:
After creating the form page, we need to go back to the server.js file and create a POST request to handle the form submission.
server.js file:
// posting a data app.post('/submit-event', (req, res) => { const event = new Event(req.body); event.save() .then((result) => { res.redirect('/'); }) .catch((err) => { console.error(err); }); });
Now that the form can post data to the database, we can create the homepage to display the created events in the browser.
First, in your server.js file, you need to create a function. It will fetch all the events posted from the form and stored in the database.
Here’s how to set it up:
This is a function created at server.js to fetch all data from the database:
// To get all the event router.get('/', (req, res) => { Event.find() .then((result) => { res.render('index', { title: 'All event', events: result }) }) .catch((err) => { console.error(err); }) })
Next, we will dynamically loop through each part using a forEach loop in the homepage file. Since we are using ejs, the HTML file extension will be .ejs.
<div> <h2>All events</h2> <div> <% if (events.length > 0) { %> <% events.forEach(event => { %> <div> <h3><%= event.title %></h3> <p><%= event.description %></p> <a href="/event/<%= event.id %>"> Read More </a> </div> <% }) %> <% } else { %> <p>No events are available at the moment.</p> <% } %> </div> </div>
Remember that you installed ejs into your application to facilitate more dynamic components. It allows you to break your code down further to be more dynamic.
To further organize your code, you'll use something called Partials.
Partials let you break down your code into scalable, modular, and manageable parts, keeping your HTML organized.
First, let's create a partial for the navbar.
Inside your views folder, create a new folder named Partials
Inside the partials folder, create a new file called nav.ejs.
Cut out the navbar code from your homepage file and paste it into nav.ejs.
Example:
First, create the Partials folder and file:
Use the <%- include() %> syntax from ejs to include the nav.ejs partial across pages in your application where you want the navbar to appear.
Here's the code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <%- include('./partial/head.ejs') %> <body> <%- include('./partial/nav.ejs') %> <main> hello </main> <%- include('./partial/footer.ejs') %> </body> </html>
With this setup, your HTML code will be organized. It will be easy to manage and update components like the navbar across different pages. You can use this approach on other parts of your application. For example, the head tag, footer tag, and other reusable components.
In this tutorial, we'll upload the project to GitHub. You'll protect your port number and MongoDB URL with secure storage. You'll also use an environment variable file, a configuration file known as .env. This file keeps sensitive information safe. It includes passwords and API URLs and prevents exposure.
Here's how to set it up using Node.js:
First, install the dotenv package.
npm i dotenv
Then create a .env file. Inside it, add your PORT number and MongoDB URL. It should look something like this:
PORT=3000 dbURl='mongodb+srv://<username>:<password>@cluster0.mongodb.net/<dbname>?retryWrites=true&w=majority';
Then update your .gitignore file:
/node_modules .env
Adding .env to your .gitignore ensures that it is not included in your GitHub repository. This tells Git to ignore the .env file when uploading your code.
Then in your server.js file, require the dotenv package. Load the variables with this line at the top of the file:
To require it, simply type:
require('dotenv').config();
This way, you don't need to hardcode the PORT number and MongoDB URL in your server.js file. Instead, you can access them using process.env.PORT and process.env.dbURl.
So your server.js file will be cleaner and not messy ??
require('dotenv').config(); const express = require('express'); const ejs = require('ejs'); const mongoose = require('mongoose'); mongoose .connect(process.env.dbURL) .then((result) => { console.log('Connected to MongoDB'); app.listen(3000, () => { console.log('Server started on port 3000'); }); }) .catch((err) => { console.error('Could not connect to MongoDB:', err); });
To expand on this basic application, consider adding features such as:
User authentication
Event search and filter functionality
Event editing and deletion
Notifications for upcoming events
If you want to add some styling to your application, follow these steps:
First, create a public folder. Inside this folder, create a style.css file where you will write your custom CSS.
Then in your HTML file, link the style.css file in the
tag as you normally would:<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
To ensure your CSS file is served correctly, add the following line to your server.js file:
app.use(express.static('public'));
This application uses Tailwind CSS for styling. But using Tailwind is optional. You can use any CSS framework or write custom CSS to achieve your desired layout.
All images should be stored in the public folder and referenced in your HTML files. You should also ensure that the public folder is correctly set up in your server.js file to serve static files.
Here's an example of how to serve static files in server.js:
const express = require('express'); const app = express(); // Serve static files from the 'public' folder app.use(express.static('public'));
Congratulations! You've built a simple application using Node.js, Express.js, ejs, and MongoDB. With these fundamentals, you can expand and enhance your application to meet more specific needs and features.
Feel free to share your progress or ask questions if you encounter any issues.
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