Dans la leçon précédente, nous avons appris que les caractères de Go sont codés en UTF-8 et stockés sous forme d'octet ou de rune. Parlons maintenant de la chaîne, qui est une collection de caractères. Apprenons-le ensemble.
Points de connaissances :
Dans le premier programme que nous avons appris en Go, nous avons imprimé la chaîne bonjour tout le monde.
String est un type de données de base dans Go, également connu sous le nom de chaîne littérale. Il peut être compris comme une collection de caractères et occupe un bloc continu de mémoire. Ce bloc de mémoire peut stocker tout type de données, comme des lettres, du texte, des emoji, etc.
Cependant, contrairement à d'autres langages, les chaînes dans Go sont en lecture seule et ne peuvent pas être modifiées.
Les chaînes peuvent être déclarées de plusieurs manières. Jetons un coup d'œil à la première méthode. Créez un nouveau fichier appelé string.go :
touch ~/project/string.go
Écrivez le code suivant :
package main import "fmt" func main() { // Use the var keyword to create a string variable a var a string = "labex" a = "labex" // Assign "labex" to variable a // Declare variable a and assign its value var b string = "shiyanlou" // Type declaration can be omitted var c = "Monday" // Use := for quick declaration and assignment d := "Hangzhou" fmt.Println(a, b, c, d) }
Le code ci-dessus montre comment créer des chaînes à l'aide du mot-clé var et de l'opérateur :=. Si vous attribuez une valeur lors de la création d'une variable avec var, vous pouvez omettre la déclaration de type, comme indiqué lors de la création de la variable b.
Le résultat attendu est le suivant :
labex shiyanlou Monday Hangzhou
Dans la plupart des cas, nous utilisons des guillemets doubles "" pour déclarer des chaînes. L’avantage des guillemets doubles est qu’ils peuvent être utilisés comme séquence d’échappement. Par exemple, dans le programme ci-dessous, nous utilisons la séquence d'échappement n pour créer une nouvelle ligne :
package main import "fmt" func main(){ x := "shiyanlou\nlabex" fmt.Println(x) }
Le résultat attendu est le suivant :
shiyanlou labex
Voici quelques séquences d'échappement courantes :
Symbol | Description |
---|---|
n | New line |
r | Carriage return |
t | Tab |
b | Backspace |
\ | Backslash |
' | Single quote |
" | Double quote |
If you want to preserve the original format of the text or need to use multiple lines, you can use backticks to represent them:
package main import "fmt" func main() { // Output Pascal's Triangle yangHuiTriangle := ` 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1` fmt.Println(yangHuiTriangle) // Output the ASCII art of "labex" ascii := ` # ## # # ### # ## #### # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # # # # # # ##### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ##### # # # # ## # # # # ### ` fmt.Println(ascii) }
After running the program, you will see the following output:
Backticks are commonly used in prompts, HTML templates, and other cases where you need to preserve the original format of the output.
In the previous lesson, we learned that English characters and general punctuation marks occupy one byte, while Chinese characters occupy three to four bytes.
Therefore, in Go, we can use the len() function to get the byte length of a string. If there are no characters that occupy multiple bytes, the len() function can be used to approximately measure the length of the string.
If a string contains characters that occupy multiple bytes, you can use the utf8.RuneCountInString function to get the actual number of characters in the string.
Let's see an example. Write the following code to the string.go file:
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { // Declare two empty strings using var and := var a string b := "" c := "labex" // Output byte length fmt.Printf("The value of a is %s, the byte length of a is: %d\n", a, len(a)) fmt.Printf("The value of b is %s, the byte length of b is: %d\n", b, len(b)) fmt.Printf("The value of c is %s, the byte length of c is: %d\n", c, len(c)) // Output string length fmt.Printf("The length of d is: %d\n", utf8.RuneCountInString(d)) }
The expected output is as follows:
The value of a is , the byte length of a is: 0 The value of b is , the byte length of b is: 0 The value of c is labex, the byte length of c is: 5 The length of d is: 9
In the program, we first declared two empty strings and the string labex. You can see that their byte lengths and actual lengths are the same.
We can use functions from the strconv package to convert between strings and integers:
package main import ( "fmt" "strconv" ) func main() { // Declare a string a and an integer b a, b := "233", 223 // Use Atoi to convert an integer to a string c, _ := strconv.Atoi(a) // Use Sprintf and Itoa functions respectively // to convert a string to an integer d1 := fmt.Sprintf("%d", b) d2 := strconv.Itoa(b) fmt.Printf("The type of a: %T\n", a) // string fmt.Printf("The type of b: %T\n", b) // int fmt.Printf("The type of c: %T\n", c) // int fmt.Printf("The type of d1: %T\n", d1) // string fmt.Printf("The type of d2: %T\n", d2) // string }
The expected output is as follows:
The type of a: string The type of b: int The type of c: int The type of d1: string The type of d2: string
In the program, we use the Sprintf() function from the fmt package, which has the following format:
func Sprintf(format string, a ...interface{}) string
format is a string with escape sequences, a is a constant or variable that provides values for the escape sequences, and ... means that there can be multiple variables of the same type as a. The string after the function represents that Sprintf returns a string. Here's an example of using this function:
a = Sprintf("%d+%d=%d", 1, 2, 3) fmt.Println(a) // 1+2=3
In this code snippet, the format is passed with three integer variables 1, 2, and 3. The %d integer escape character in format is replaced by the integer values, and the Sprintf function returns the result after replacement, 1+2=3.
Also, note that when using strconv.Atoi() to convert an integer to a string, the function returns two values, the converted integer val and the error code err. Because in Go, if you declare a variable, you must use it, we can use an underscore _ to comment out the err variable.
When strconv.Atoi() converts correctly, err returns nil. When an error occurs during conversion, err returns the error message, and the value of val will be 0. You can change the value of string a and replace the underscore with a normal variable to try it yourself.
The simplest way to concatenate two or more strings is to use the + symbol. We can also use the fmt.Sprintf() function to concatenate strings. Let's take a look at an example:
package main import ( "fmt" ) func main() { a, b := "lan", "qiao" // Concatenate using the simplest method, + c1 := a + b // Concatenate using the Sprintf function c2 := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", a, b) fmt.Println(a, b, c1, c2) // lan qiao labex labex }
The expected output is as follows:
lan qiao labex labex
In the program, we also used the Sprintf() function from the fmt package to concatenate strings and print the results.
We can use the strings.TrimSpace function to remove leading and trailing spaces from a string. The function takes a string as input and returns the string with leading and trailing spaces removed. The format is as follows:
func TrimSpace(s string) string
Here is an example:
package main import ( "fmt" "strings" ) func main() { a := " \t \n labex \n \t hangzhou" fmt.Println(strings.TrimSpace(a)) }
The expected output is as follows:
labex hangzhou
To summarize what we've learned in this lesson:
In this lesson, we explained the strings we use in daily life. We've learned about the relationship between strings and characters, mastered string creation and declaration, and gained some knowledge of common string functions.
In the next lesson, we will learn about constants.
? Practice Now: Go String Fundamentals
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