1. Tuple
1. Expression du tuple
(1,2,3,4) ('olive',123) ("python",)
Créer un tuple :
a=tuple((1,2,3,)) b=("python",)
2. Fonctions des tuplesAttributs
class tuple(object): """ tuple() -> empty tuple tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. """ def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ return 0 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present. """ return 0 def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self+value. """ pass def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return key in self. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self[key]. """ pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return hash(self). """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__ """ tuple() -> empty tuple tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self*value.n """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self*value. """ pass tuple
3. Introduction à certains attributs fonctionnels des tuples
Les tuples sont très similaire aux listes, mais les éléments des tuples ne peuvent pas être modifiés, donc de nombreuses fonctions des listes ne sont pas disponibles dans les tuples.
1) count(self, value):
Compte le nombre d'éléments de valeur dans le tuple et renvoie une valeur int.
a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,) b=a.count(1) print(a,type(a)) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) <class 'tuple'> 3 <class 'int'> demo
2)index(self, value, start=None, stop=None):
index, recherche dans le tuple position où l'élément value apparaît pour la première fois. Les paramètres de début et de fin sont les positions de début et de fin de la recherche. La valeur par défaut est None et la valeur int est renvoyée. Si cet élément n'est pas inclus dans la recherche, une ValueError : 'f'. n'est pas dans un tuple est renvoyé.
a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,) b=a.index(3) print(a,len(a)) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) 9 2 <class 'int'> demo
3) add(self, *args, **kwargs):
Ajouter un nouvel élément au tuple, les nouveaux éléments ajoutés doivent être ajoutés sous forme de tuples, générant un nouveau tuple.
a=(1,2,3,4) b=a.__add__((5,1)) #括号理给出的必须是元组 print(a,type(a)) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 (1, 2, 3, 4) <class 'tuple'> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1) <class 'tuple'> demo
4) contain(self, *args, **kwargs):
Déterminer si le tuple contient un élément, renvoie une valeur booléenne.
a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,) b=a.__contains__(2) c=a.__contains__(5) print(a) print(b) print(c) #运行结果 (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) True False demo
2. Dictionnaire
1. Expressions du dictionnaire
{"name":"olive","age":18}
Créer un dictionnaire :
a={"name":"olive","age":18} b=dict({"name":"lusi","age":18})
2. Attributs fonctionnels du dictionnaire
class dict(object): """ dict() -> new empty dictionary dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's (key, value) pairs dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: d = {} for k, v in iterable: d[k] = v dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) """ def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ pass def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """ pass @staticmethod # known case def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """ pass def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ pass def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """ pass def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """ pass def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised """ pass def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. """ pass def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ pass def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update """ D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] """ pass def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """ pass def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ True if D has a key k, else False. """ pass def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Delete self[key]. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__ """ dict() -> new empty dictionary dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's (key, value) pairs dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: d = {} for k, v in iterable: d[k] = v dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Set self[key] to value. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """ pass __hash__ = None dict
3. Introduction à certains attributs fonctionnels du dictionnaire
1 )clear(self):
Effacer tous les éléments du dictionnaire.
a={"name":"olive","age":18} b=a.clear() print(a) print(b) #运行结果 {} None
2) copie(soi) :
Copiez un tuple, ce qui équivaut à une copie superficielle.
a={"name": "olive","age":18} b=a.copy() print(a,id(a),id("name")) print(b,id(b),id("name")) #赋值 c={"name": "lusi","age":18} d=c print(c,id("name")) print(d,id("name")) #浅拷贝 e={"name": "shy","age":18} f=copy.copy(e) print(e,id(e),id("name")) print(f,id(f),id("name")) #运行结果 {'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915224 2019840 {'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915304 2019840 {'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840 {'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840 {'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5584616 2019840 {'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5586056 2019840
3) fromkeys(*args, **kwargs):[fromkeys(seq,value=None)]
Créer un nouveau dictionnaire pour séquencer les clés du dictionnaire, value est la valeur du dictionnaire et la valeur par défaut est Aucune. Convient pour créer un dictionnaire de valeurs identiques.
a={"hunan": "changsha","guangdong":"guangzhou","jiangsu":"nanjing",'hubei':"wuhan"} b=dict.fromkeys(a,"good") c=dict.fromkeys(["a","b","c"],"abc") d=dict.fromkeys("abcc") print(a) print(b) print(c) print(d) #运行结果 {'guangdong': 'guangzhou', 'hubei': 'wuhan', 'hunan': 'changsha', 'jiangsu': 'nanjing'} {'hubei': 'good', 'guangdong': 'good', 'hunan': 'good', 'jiangsu': 'good'} {'c': 'abc', 'b': 'abc', 'a': 'abc'} {'c': None, 'b': None, 'a': None} #seq给出的字符串c是重复的,但是创建的键只取一个。
4) get(self, k, d=None):
Obtenir le dictionnaire avec la valeur clé k , si k n'est pas contenu dans le dictionnaire, la valeur d est donnée et d par défaut est Aucun.
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.get("a") c=a.get("e") d=a.get("e",5) print(a) print(b) print(c) print(d) #运行结果 {'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4} 1 None 5
5) items(self):
Une méthode pour parcourir le dictionnaire et ajouter chaque paire de clés dans le dictionnaire de Value forme un tuple et renvoie ces tuples dans un dict_items de type liste.
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.items() print(a) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 {'d': 4, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'b': 2} dict_items([('d', 4), ('c', 3), ('a', 1), ('b', 2)]) <class 'dict_items'>
6) key(self) :
Une méthode pour parcourir les clés du dictionnaire et renvoyer un dict_keys de type liste, le même que le la méthode des éléments utilise la même chose.
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.keys() print(a) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 {'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4} dict_keys(['b', 'a', 'c', 'd']) <class 'dict_keys'>
7) valeurs (self) :
Une méthode pour parcourir la valeur de la valeur du dictionnaire et renvoyer une liste- comme dict_values, a la même utilisation que la méthode items.
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.values() print(a) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 {'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1} dict_values([3, 4, 2, 1]) <class 'dict_values'>
8) pop(self, k, d=Aucun) :
et L'utilisation de la méthode get est similaire, sauf que get est pour obtenir la valeur avec la clé k dans le dictionnaire, tandis que pop consiste à retirer la valeur avec la clé k dans le dictionnaire. Lorsque la clé k n'est pas incluse dans le dictionnaire et que d n'est pas la valeur par défaut, la valeur obtenue est la valeur d Si d est la valeur par défaut None, une KeyError est signalée.
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.pop("a") c=a.pop("e","five") print(a) print(b,type(b)) print(c,type(c)) #运行结果 {'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2} 1 <class 'int'> five <class 'str'>
9) popitem(self):
从字典中随机取出一组键值,返回一个新的元组。如果字典中无键值可取,则KeyError报错。
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.popitem() print(a) print(b,type(b)) #运行结果 {'d': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1} ('c', 3) <class 'tuple'>
10)setdefault(self, k, d=None):
从字典中获取键为k的值,当字典中包含键k值时,功能和get基本一致,当字典中不包含键k值时,在原字典上添加上键为k的初始键值对,并返回值d。
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.setdefault("a") c=a.setdefault("e") d=a.setdefault("f",6) print(a) print(b) print(c) print(d) #运行结果 {'f': 6, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'e': None, 'b': 2, 'd': 4} 1 None 6
11)update(self, E=None, **F):
给字典新增元素,没有返回值。用法:dict.update(dict2)。
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.update({"e":5}) print(a) print(b) #运行结果 {'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4, 'a': 1, 'e': 5} None
12)contains(self, *args, **kwargs):
判断列表中是否包含某个键值对,返回布尔值。用法:dict.contains(keys)。
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.__contains__("a") print(a) print(b) #运行结果 {'a': 1, 'd': 4, 'c': 3, 'b': 2} True
13)delitem(self, *args, **kwargs):
删除字典中的某个键值对,没有返回值。用法:dict.delitem(keys)。
a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} b=a.__delitem__("a") print(a) print(b) #运行结果 {'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4} None
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