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一步一步学习PHP(3) php 函数_php基础

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Libérer: 2016-05-17 09:28:00
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1. 方法概述

首先,写一个最简单的函数,大家看一眼就可以了:

<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">html</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
<</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">head</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
  <</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">title</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">></SPAN>HelloPHP<SPAN style="COLOR: blue"></</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">title</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
</</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">head</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
<</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">body</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
  <?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">function CustomPrint</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>)
    {
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">for</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">i</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=0;$i</SPAN><5;$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">i</SPAN>++)
      {
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>);
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'<br/>'</SPAN>);
      }
    }
    
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"Hello"</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">body</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
</</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">html</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">>
</SPAN>
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通过这个例子,相信大家都了解了PHP中函数的大致写法,至于语法上,和其他类C语言差别不大,也都是while,for,if等,至于其他不同之处,会在之后的文章中,逐渐来说。

OK,那我来总结一下,这个方法的要点:

A. PHP的方法用function来声明,这一点类似于我们熟悉的Javascript.

B. 在使用变量必须要以美元符($)来开头。

2. 参数的引用传递和值传递

参数的值传递和引用传递,相信每个人在学习C语言时都接触到了,在此用C#来写例子:

<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>Swap(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>a, <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>b)
{
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>temp = a;
  a = b;
  b = temp;
}
<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>Swap(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">ref int </SPAN>a, <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">ref int </SPAN>b)
{
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">int </SPAN>temp = a;
  a = b;
  b = temp;
}
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那在这里就写一个PHP版本。

  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">function Swap1</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>)
    {
      $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">temp</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$a;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$b;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$temp;
    </SPAN>}
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function Swap2</SPAN>(&$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,&$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>)
    {
      $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">temp</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$a;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$b;
      </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=$temp;
    </SPAN>}
    
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function CustomPrint</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>)
    {
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">str</SPAN>);
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"<br/>"</SPAN>);  
    }
    
    $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1;
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=2;
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Swap1</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"值传递的结果:"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$b='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
    $<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1;
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=2;
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Swap2</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>,$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"引用传递的结果:"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">CustomPrint</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$b='</SPAN>.$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">b</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</SPAN>
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在这个例子中:有两点我需要说明:

A. 值传递和引用传递的区别在于在参数前的“&”.

B. CustomPrint('$a='.$a);在这句中,需要特殊说明一下单引号和双引号的区别,他们之间只有一个区别,就是能否解析变量名,这个例子就足够说明问题了:

  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php 
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">=1;
    </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"$a"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"<br/>"</SPAN>);
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$a'</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</SPAN>
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image

最后,说下关于性能的问题,在按值传递时,PHP需要进行复制,然后再传递,这样如果那些大对象或者字符串的话,就会不仅仅耗费时间,而且对空间也是一种浪费。这时,如果进行引用传递,就免去了耗费性能的复制操作。对性能提高很有好处。

3. 作用域问题

在C#中,由于变量在使用之前必须声明,因此会涉及到一个作用域和子作用域的概念,而在PHP中则没有这样的概念。

我们来看一段C#代码:

<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public class </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #2b91af">Student
</SPAN>{
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">private string </SPAN>name;
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">public void </SPAN>SayHello()
  {
    <SPAN style="COLOR: #2b91af">HttpContext</SPAN>.Current.Response.Write(<SPAN style="COLOR: #a31515">"Hello,I am " </SPAN>+ name);
  }
}
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也就是说,在方法内可以访问外部类声明的变量,但是在PHP中则不一样:

  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">php 
    </SPAN>$<SPAN style="COLOR: red">name</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">="kym"</SPAN>;
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">function SayHello</SPAN>()
    {
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: red">isset</SPAN>($<SPAN style="COLOR: red">name</SPAN>))
      {
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">"Hello $name"</SPAN>);  
      }
      <SPAN style="COLOR: red">else
      </SPAN>{
        <SPAN style="COLOR: red">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">'$name is undefined'</SPAN>);
      }
    }
    <SPAN style="COLOR: red">SayHello</SPAN>();
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">?>
</SPAN>
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image

这里说明一个函数“isset”,这个函数可以检测一个变量是否被定义,或者是否是空字符串。

那么这个结果说明,在函数体内,无法访问到外部变量$name。

在这里在多提一点:一个与unset对应的函数:unset。该函数用于移除一个变量的值。

写个简单的例子:

<SPAN style="COLOR: red"><?php 
  </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>=<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"kym"</SPAN>;
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">isset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>))
  {
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"Yes"</SPAN>);
  }
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">else
  </SPAN>{
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"No"</SPAN>);
  }
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">unset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>);
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">if</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: blue">isset</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #660000">$name</SPAN>))
  {
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"Yes"</SPAN>);
  }
  <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">else
  </SPAN>{
    <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">echo</SPAN>(<SPAN style="COLOR: #008200">"No"</SPAN>);
  }
<SPAN style="COLOR: red">?></SPAN>
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image

关于这些会在之后的垃圾回收里详细提及。

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