日期类型 存储空间 日期格式 日期范围 ------------ --------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- datetime 8 bytes YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 1000-01-01 00:00:00 ~ 9999-12-31 23:59:59 timestamp 4 bytes YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 1970-01-01 00:00:01 ~ 2038 date 3 bytes YYYY-MM-DD 1000-01-01 ~ 9999-12-31 year 1 bytes YYYY 1901 ~ 2155
另外,timestamp 类型的列还有个特性:默认情况下,在 insert, update 数据时,timestamp 列会自动以当前时间(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)填充/更新。“自动”的意思就是,你不去管它,MySQL 会替你去处理。 建表的代码为: create table t8 ( `id1` timestamp NOT NULL default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, `id2` datetime default NULL );
一般情况下,我倾向于使用 datetime 日期类型。
两者之间的比较:
1. timestamp容易所支持的范围比timedate要小。 并且容易出现超出的情况
2. timestamp比较受时区timezone的影响以及MYSQL版本和服务器的SQL MODE的影响.
时间类型 存储空间 时间格式 时间范围 ------------ --------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- time 3 bytes HH:MM:SS -838:59:59 ~ 838:59:59 time 时间范围居然有这么大的范围,特别是 time 可以取负值,有点奇怪。后来,看了 MySQL 手册才知道这是为了满足两个日期时间相减才这样设计的。 比如下面: select timediff('2000:01:31 23:59:59', '2000:01:01 00:00:00'); -- 743:59:59 select timediff('2000:01:01 00:00:00', '2000:01:31 23:59:59'); -- -743:59:59 select timediff('23:59:59', '12:00:00'); -- 11:59:59
注意,timediff 的两个参数只能是 datetime/timestamp, time 类型的,并且这两个参数类型要相同。即:datetime/timestamp 和 datetime/timestamp 比较;time 和 time 相比较。
相关知识 参考:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/date-and-time-functions.html
虽然 MySQL 中的日期时间类型比较丰富,但遗憾的是,目前(2008-08-08)这些日期时间类型只能支持到秒级别,不支持毫秒、微秒。也没有产生毫秒的函数。mysql> select now(); +-----------------------------+ | now() | +-----------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 10:52:57 | +-----------------------------+
current_timestamp() current_timestamp localtime() localtime localtimestamp -- (v4.0.6) localtimestamp() -- (v4.0.6)
mysql> select now(), sleep(3), now(); +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | now() | sleep(3) | now() | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 10:55:11 | 0 | 2014-10-29 10:55:11 | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ mysql> select sysdate(), sleep(3), sysdate(); +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | sysdate() | sleep(3) |sysdate() | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 10:55:11 | 0 | 2014-10-29 10:55:14 | +-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
mysql> select curdate(); +----------------+ | curdate() | +----------------+ | 2014-10-29 | +----------------+
current_date() current_date
mysql> select curtime(); +-----------+ | curtime() | +-----------+ | 10:59:58 | +-----------+
current_time() current_time
mysql> select utc_timestamp(), utc_date(), utc_time(), now() ; +-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+ | utc_timestamp() | utc_date() | utc_time() | now() | +-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+ | 2014-10-29 03:00:55 | 2014-10-29 | 03:00:55 | 2014-10-29 11:00:55 | +-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+
set @dt = '2008-09-10 07:15:30.123456'; select date(@dt); -- 2008-09-10 select time(@dt); -- 07:15:30.123456 select year(@dt); -- 2008 select quarter(@dt); -- 3 select month(@dt); -- 9 select week(@dt); -- 36 select day(@dt); -- 10 select hour(@dt); -- 7 select minute(@dt); -- 15 select second(@dt); -- 30 select microsecond(@dt); -- 123456 5.2. MySQL Extract() 函数,可以上面实现类似的功能:
set @dt = '2008-09-10 07:15:30.123456'; select extract(year from @dt); -- 2008 select extract(quarter from @dt); -- 3 select extract(month from @dt); -- 9 select extract(week from @dt); -- 36 select extract(day from @dt); -- 10 select extract(hour from @dt); -- 7 select extract(minute from @dt); -- 15 select extract(second from @dt); -- 30 select extract(microsecond from @dt); -- 123456 select extract(year_month from @dt); -- 200809 select extract(day_hour from @dt); -- 1007 select extract(day_minute from @dt); -- 100715 select extract(day_second from @dt); -- 10071530 select extract(day_microsecond from @dt); -- 10071530123456 select extract(hour_minute from @dt); -- 715 select extract(hour_second from @dt); -- 71530 select extract(hour_microsecond from @dt); -- 71530123456 select extract(minute_second from @dt); -- 1530 select extract(minute_microsecond from @dt); -- 1530123456 select extract(second_microsecond from @dt); -- 30123456
set @dt = '2008-08-08'; select dayofweek(@dt); -- 6 select dayofmonth(@dt); -- 8 select dayofyear(@dt); -- 221
set @dt = '2008-08-08'; select week(@dt); -- 31 select week(@dt,3); -- 32 select weekofyear(@dt); -- 32 select dayofweek(@dt); -- 6 select weekday(@dt); -- 4 select yearweek(@dt); -- 200831
set @dt = '2008-08-08'; select dayname(@dt); -- Friday select monthname(@dt); -- August
select last_day('2008-02-01'); -- 2008-02-29 select last_day('2008-08-08'); -- 2008-08-31 MySQL last_day() 函数非常有用,比如我想得到当前月份中有多少天,可以这样来计算: mysql> select now(), day(last_day(now())) as days; +---------------------+------+ | now() | days | +---------------------+------+ | 2014-10-29 11:06:55 | 31 | +---------------------+------+
set @dt = now(); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 day); -- add 1 day select date_add(@dt, interval 1 hour); -- add 1 hour select date_add(@dt, interval 1 minute); -- ... select date_add(@dt, interval 1 second); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 microsecond); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 week); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 month); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 quarter); select date_add(@dt, interval 1 year); select date_add(@dt, interval -1 day); -- sub 1 day MySQL adddate(), addtime()函数,可以用 date_add() 来替代。下面是 date_add() 实现 addtime() 功能示例: mysql> set @dt = '2008-08-09 12:12:33'; mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval '01:15:30' hour_second); +------------------------------------------------+ | date_add(@dt, interval '01:15:30' hour_second) | +------------------------------------------------+ | 2008-08-09 13:28:03 | +------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval '1 01:15:30' day_second); +-------------------------------------------------+ | date_add(@dt, interval '1 01:15:30' day_second) | +-------------------------------------------------+ | 2008-08-10 13:28:03 | +-------------------------------------------------+
mysql> select date_sub('1998-01-01 00:00:00', interval '1 1:1:1' day_second); +----------------------------------------------------------------+ | date_sub('1998-01-01 00:00:00', interval '1 1:1:1' day_second) | +----------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1997-12-30 22:58:59 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+
MySQL period_add(P,N):日期加/减去N月。 mysql> select period_add(200808,2), period_add(20080808,-2) +----------------------+-------------------------+ | period_add(200808,2) | period_add(20080808,-2) | +----------------------+-------------------------+ | 200810 | 20080806 | +----------------------+-------------------------+ MySQL period_diff(P1,P2):日期 P1-P2,返回 N 个月。 mysql> select period_diff(200808, 200801); +-----------------------------+ | period_diff(200808, 200801) | +-----------------------------+ | 7 | +-----------------------------+ 在 MySQL 中,这两个日期函数,一般情况下很少用到。
MySQL datediff(date1,date2):两个日期相减 date1 - date2,返回天数。 select datediff('2008-08-08', '2008-08-01'); -- 7 select datediff('2008-08-01', '2008-08-08'); -- -7 MySQL timediff(time1,time2):两个日期相减 time1 - time2,返回 time 差值。 select timediff('2008-08-08 08:08:08', '2008-08-08 00:00:00'); -- 08:08:08 select timediff('08:08:08', '00:00:00'); -- 08:08:08 注意:timediff(time1,time2) 函数的两个参数类型必须相同。
select time_to_sec('01:00:05'); -- 3605 select sec_to_time(3605); -- '01:00:05'
select to_days('0000-00-00'); -- 0 select to_days('2008-08-08'); -- 733627 select from_days(0); -- '0000-00-00' select from_days(733627); -- '2008-08-08'
select str_to_date('08/09/2008', '%m/%d/%Y'); -- 2008-08-09 select str_to_date('08/09/08' , '%m/%d/%y'); -- 2008-08-09 select str_to_date('08.09.2008', '%m.%d.%Y'); -- 2008-08-09 select str_to_date('08:09:30', '%h:%i:%s'); -- 08:09:30 select str_to_date('08.09.2008 08:09:30', '%m.%d.%Y %h:%i:%s'); -- 2008-08-09 08:09:30
mysql> select date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y'); +------------------------------------------------+ | date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y') | +------------------------------------------------+ | Friday August 2008 | +------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:01', '%Y%m%d%H%i%s'); +----------------------------------------------------+ | date_format('2008-08-08 22:23:01', '%Y%m%d%H%i%s') | +----------------------------------------------------+ | 20080808222301 | +----------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s'); +-------------------------------------+ | time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s') | +-------------------------------------+ | 22.23.01 | +-------------------------------------+ MySQL 日期、时间转换函数:date_format(date,format), time_format(time,format) 能够把一个日期/时间转换成各种各样的字符串格式。它是 str_to_date(str,format) 函数的 一个逆转换。
MySQL get_format() 语法: get_format(date|time|datetime, 'eur'|'usa'|'jis'|'iso'|'internal' MySQL get_format() 用法的全部示例: select get_format(date,'usa') ; -- '%m.%d.%Y' select get_format(date,'jis') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d' select get_format(date,'iso') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d' select get_format(date,'eur') ; -- '%d.%m.%Y' select get_format(date,'internal') ; -- '%Y%m%d' select get_format(datetime,'usa') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s' select get_format(datetime,'jis') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s' select get_format(datetime,'iso') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s' select get_format(datetime,'eur') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s' select get_format(datetime,'internal') ; -- '%Y%m%d%H%i%s' select get_format(time,'usa') ; -- '%h:%i:%s %p' select get_format(time,'jis') ; -- '%H:%i:%s' select get_format(time,'iso') ; -- '%H:%i:%s' select get_format(time,'eur') ; -- '%H.%i.%s' select get_format(time,'internal') ; -- '%H%i%s' MySQL get_format() 函数在实际中用到机会的比较少。
select makedate(2001,31); -- '2001-01-31' select makedate(2001,32); -- '2001-02-01' select maketime(12,15,30); -- '12:15:30'
mysql> select current_timestamp, current_timestamp(); +---------------------+---------------------+ | current_timestamp | current_timestamp() | +---------------------+---------------------+ | 2008-08-09 23:22:24 | 2008-08-09 23:22:24 | +---------------------+---------------------+
unix_timestamp(), unix_timestamp(date), from_unixtime(unix_timestamp), from_unixtime(unix_timestamp,format) 下面是示例: select unix_timestamp(); -- 1218290027 select unix_timestamp('2008-08-08'); -- 1218124800 select unix_timestamp('2008-08-08 12:30:00'); -- 1218169800 select from_unixtime(1218290027); -- '2008-08-09 21:53:47' select from_unixtime(1218124800); -- '2008-08-08 00:00:00' select from_unixtime(1218169800); -- '2008-08-08 12:30:00' select from_unixtime(1218169800, '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x'); -- '2008 8th August 12:30:00 2008'
timestamp(date) -- date to timestamp timestamp(dt,time) -- dt + time timestampadd(unit,interval,datetime_expr) -- timestampdiff(unit,datetime_expr1,datetime_expr2) --
select timestamp('2008-08-08'); -- 2008-08-08 00:00:00 select timestamp('2008-08-08 08:00:00', '01:01:01'); -- 2008-08-08 09:01:01 select timestamp('2008-08-08 08:00:00', '10 01:01:01'); -- 2008-08-18 09:01:01 select timestampadd(day, 1, '2008-08-08 08:00:00'); -- 2008-08-09 08:00:00 select date_add('2008-08-08 08:00:00', interval 1 day); -- 2008-08-09 08:00:00 MySQL timestampadd() 函数类似于 date_add()。 select timestampdiff(year,'2002-05-01','2001-01-01'); -- -1 select timestampdiff(day ,'2002-05-01','2001-01-01'); -- -485 select timestampdiff(hour,'2008-08-08 12:00:00','2008-08-08 00:00:00'); -- -12 select datediff('2008-08-08 12:00:00', '2008-08-01 00:00:00'); -- 7 MySQL timestampdiff() 函数就比 datediff() 功能强多了,datediff() 只能计算两个日期(date)之间相差的天数。
convert_tz(dt,from_tz,to_tz) select convert_tz('2008-08-08 12:00:00', '+08:00', '+00:00'); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00
select date_add('2008-08-08 12:00:00', interval -8 hour); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00 select date_sub('2008-08-08 12:00:00', interval 8 hour); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00 select timestampadd(hour, -8, '2008-08-08 12:00:00'); -- 2008-08-08 04:00:00
注:资料来源网络