对象接口

personnages

使用接口（interface），可以指定某个类必须实现哪些方法，但不需要定义这些方法的具体内容。

接口是通过 interface 关键字来定义的，就像定义一个标准的类一样，但其中定义所有的方法都是空的。

接口中定义的所有方法都必须是公有，这是接口的特性。

实现（implements）

要实现一个接口，使用 implements 操作符。类中必须实现接口中定义的所有方法，否则会报一个致命错误。类可以实现多个接口，用逗号来分隔多个接口的名称。

Note:

实现多个接口时，接口中的方法不能有重名。

Note:

接口也可以继承，通过使用 extends 操作符。

Note:

类要实现接口，必须使用和接口中所定义的方法完全一致的方式。否则会导致致命错误。

常量

接口中也可以定义常量。接口常量和类常量的使用完全相同，但是不能被子类或子接口所覆盖。

范例

Example #1 接口示例

  <?php

 // 声明一个'iTemplate'接口
 interface  iTemplate
 {
    public function  setVariable ( $name ,  $var );
    public function  getHtml ( $template );
}


 // 实现接口
// 下面的写法是正确的
 class  Template  implements  iTemplate
 {
    private  $vars  = array();
  
    public function  setVariable ( $name ,  $var )
    {
         $this -> vars [ $name ] =  $var ;
    }
  
    public function  getHtml ( $template )
    {
        foreach( $this -> vars  as  $name  =>  $value ) {
             $template  =  str_replace ( '{'  .  $name  .  '}' ,  $value ,  $template );
        }
 
        return  $template ;
    }
}

 // 下面的写法是错误的，会报错，因为没有实现 getHtml()：
// Fatal error: Class BadTemplate contains 1 abstract methods
// and must therefore be declared abstract (iTemplate::getHtml)
 class  BadTemplate  implements  iTemplate
 {
    private  $vars  = array();
  
    public function  setVariable ( $name ,  $var )
    {
         $this -> vars [ $name ] =  $var ;
    }
}
 ?>

Example #2 可扩充的接口

  <?php
 interface  a
 {
    public function  foo ();
}

interface  b  extends  a
 {
    public function  baz ( Baz $baz );
}

 // 正确写法
 class  c  implements  b
 {
    public function  foo ()
    {
    }

    public function  baz ( Baz $baz )
    {
    }
}

 // 错误写法会导致一个致命错误
 class  d  implements  b
 {
    public function  foo ()
    {
    }

    public function  baz ( Foo $foo )
    {
    }
}
 ?>

Example #3 继承多个接口

  <?php
 interface  a
 {
    public function  foo ();
}

interface  b
 {
    public function  bar ();
}

interface  c  extends  a ,  b
 {
    public function  baz ();
}

class  d  implements  c
 {
    public function  foo ()
    {
    }

    public function  bar ()
    {
    }

    public function  baz ()
    {
    }
}
 ?>

Example #4 使用接口常量

  <?php
 interface  a
 {
    const  b  =  'Interface constant' ;
}

 // 输出接口常量
 echo  a :: b ;

 // 错误写法，因为常量不能被覆盖。接口常量的概念和类常量是一样的。
 class  b  implements  a
 {
    const  b  =  'Class constant' ;
}
 ?>

接口加上类型约束，提供了一种很好的方式来确保某个对象包含有某些方法。参见 instanceof 操作符和类型约束。

用户评论:

[#1] naderi dot payam at gmail dot com [2015-10-15 19:57:52]

<?php interface ClassThatCanBuild { } interface SpecificClass extends \ClassThatCanBuild { } Class MySpecificClass implements \SpecificClass { } interface BuilderInterface { function build(\ClassThatCanBuild $container); function weCanHaveMethods(); } interface SpecificBuilderInterface extends \BuilderInterface { function build(\MySpecificClass $container); } ?>

[#2] naderi dot payam at gmail dot com [2015-09-19 12:44:51]

php inheritance interfaces on function/methods type declarations:

<?php interface iInvokable { function __invoke($arg = null); } interface iResponder extends iInvokable { function then(iInvokable $responder); } class Responder implements \iResponder { function __invoke($arg = null) { // TODO: Implement __invoke() method. } function then(iInvokable $responder) { // TODO: Implement then() method. } } class OtherResponder implements \iResponder { function __invoke($arg = null) { // TODO: Implement __invoke() method. } function then(iInvokable $responder) { // TODO: Implement then() method. } } class Invokable implements \iInvokable { function __invoke($arg = null) { // TODO: Implement __invoke() method. } } $responder = new Responder(); $responder->then(new OtherResponder()); $responder->then(new Invokable()); ?>

[#3] aditycse at gmail dot com [2015-07-21 05:50:04]

Solution for overriding interface constants
//we can override interface constants by using abstract class
//if Test Class implements inter1 than we can not override inter1 interface constants
example:

<?php

interface inter1 {

 const interface1 = "I am from interface 1";

 function foo1();

 function bar1();
}

interface inter2 extends inter1 {

 function foo2();

 function bar2();
}

interface inter3 {

 function foo3();

 function bar3();
}

interface inter4 {

 function foo4();

 function bar4();
}

abstract class AbsClass implements inter2 {

}

class Test extends AbsClass implements inter3, inter4 {

 const interface1 = "I am from test class";

 public function foo1() {

 }

 public function foo2() {

 }

 public function foo3() {

 }

 public function foo4() {

 }

 public function bar1() {

 }

 public function bar2() {

 }

 public function bar3() {

 }

 public function bar4() {

 }

 public function display() {
 echo inter1::interface1;
 echo PHP_EOL;
 echo Test::interface1;
 }

}

$Obj = new Test();
$Obj->display(); //I am from interface 1 \n I am from test class

[#4] info at abccom dot biz [2014-11-28 06:25:50]

I think interfaces ONLY help us to understand what should we do, when working on a big project not any more!

[#5] koalay at gmail dot com [2014-11-27 04:37:55]

Just wrote some examples of duck-typing in PHP. Sharing here.

<?php

interface CanFly {
 public function fly();
}

interface CanSwim {
 public function swim();
}

class Bird {
 public function info() {
 echo "I am a {$this->name}\n";
 echo "I am an bird\n";
 }
}

class Dove extends Bird implements CanFly {
 var $name = "Dove";
 public function fly() {
 echo "I fly\n";
 }
}

class Penguin extends Bird implements CanSwim {
 var $name = "Penguin";
 public function swim() {
 echo "I swim\n";
 }
}

class Duck extends Bird implements CanFly, CanSwim {
 var $name = "Duck";
 public function fly() {
 echo "I fly\n";
 }
 public function swim() {
 echo "I swim\n";
 }
}

function describe($bird) {
 if ($bird instanceof Bird) {
 $bird->info();
 if ($bird instanceof CanFly) {
 $bird->fly();
 }
 if ($bird instanceof CanSwim) {
 $bird->swim();
 }
 } else {
 die("This is not a bird. I cannot describe it.");
 }
}

// describe these birds please
describe(new Penguin);
echo "---\n";

describe(new Dove);
echo "---\n";

describe(new Duck);

[#6] marcoshoya at gmail dot com [2014-08-31 20:48:03]

You can change some methods signature from interface if you pass parameters with default values. For instance:

<?php

interface Foo {
 public function foo($foo);
}

class Bar implements Foo {
 public function foo($foo, $bar = null) {
 return $foo . $bar;
 }
}

$bar = new Bar();
// output: worksfine
echo $bar->foo('works', 'fine');

[#7] williebegoode at att dot net [2014-08-10 10:42:28]

In their book on Design Patterns, Erich Gamma and his associates (AKA: "The Gang of Four") use the term "interface" and "abstract class" interchangeably. In working with PHP and design patterns, the interface, while clearly a "contract" of what to include in an implementation is also a helpful guide for both re-use and making changes. As long as the implemented changes follow the interface (whether it is an interface or abstract class with abstract methods), large complex programs can be safely updated without having to re-code an entire program or module.

In PHP coding with object interfaces (as a keyword) and "interfaces" in the more general context of use that includes both object interfaces and abstract classes, the purpose of "loose binding" (loosely bound objects) for ease of change and re-use is a helpful way to think about both uses of the term "interface." The focus shifts from "contractual" to "loose binding" for the purpose of cooperative development and re-use.

[#8] thomas tulinsky [2014-06-25 21:37:06]

to dlovell2011 at yahoo dot com wrote:
It seems like many contributors are missing the point of using an INTERFACE. An INTERFACE is not specifically provided for abstraction.
...
An INTERFACE is provided so you can describe a set of functions and then hide the final implementation of those functions in an implementing class. This allows you to change the IMPLEMENTATION of those functions without changing how you use it.
--------------
I believe the unique thing that Interfaces provide is to support the same functions in different classes that are **not descended from a common ancestor**.
Different implementations of the same functions does not need interfaces--it can be achieved through subclasses.

[#9] Vasiliy Makogon [2014-02-06 23:38:23]

The class implementing the interface must use the exact same method signatures as are defined in the interface. Not doing so will result in a fatal error. -- this documentation page.

But, if you use default values in arguments in methods, fatal error is not follow:

<?php interface myInterface { public function __construct(); } class concret implements myInterface { public function __construct($arg=null) { print_r(func_get_args()); } } $obj = new concret(123); ?>

Array ( [0] => 123 )

[#10] bombis at lacerta dot uberspace dot de [2014-02-05 19:41:55]

simple example :)

<?php interface testThis { public function alpha(); public function beta(); } trait setInterface { public function alpha() { echo __function__." wurde implementiert"; } } class b { public function beta() { echo __function__." wurde implementiert"; } } class a extends b implements testThis { use setInterface; public function __construct() { echo "wat geht? "; } } $testInterface = new a(); $testInterface ->alpha(); echo " "; $testInterface ->beta(); ?>

[#11] phpnet at barrystaes dot nl [2014-02-05 13:21:07]

Despite my expectations, it seems PHP does not support variables of type interface!? (using PHP 5.5)
<?php interface InterfaceText { public function setText($text); } class Sticker implements InterfaceText { public function setText($text); } // While this is possible: $Cool = new Sticker (); // You can not make interface variables. $IntfCool = new InterfaceText($Cool); // ^ Fatal error: Cannot instantiate interface InterfaceText() // or cast them directly: $IntfCool = InterfaceText($Cool); // ^ Fatal error: Call to undefined function InterfaceText() ?>
Being used to what other languages allow Interfaces, it seems PHP has no runtime support, i now see it a static class that generates parse-warnings to force implementation.

[#12] tkostantinov [2013-12-02 22:58:18]

Implementation must be strict, subtypes are not allowed.

"The class implementing the interface must use the EXACT SAME METHOD SIGNATURES as are defined in the interface. Not doing so will result in a fatal error. "

<?php interface I { function foo(stdClass $arg); } class Test extends stdClass { } class Implementation implements I { function foo(Test $arg) { } } ?>
Result:

Fatal error: Declaration of InterfaceImplementation::foo() must be compatible with I::foo(stdClass $arg) in test.php on line XY

[#13] Vladimir Kornea [2013-07-15 10:55:39]

By asking your colleague to implement your interface, you are asking him to guarantee that he has implemented all the methods you need. He can implement multiple interfaces, each being a contract, so that the guy cleaning the cruft down the road can see which methods belong to which area of concern; but since interfaces are primarily contracts rather than documentation, a class cannot implement two interfaces containing the same method since that would make the contract lose credibility through ambiguity. Thus a class can implement two interfaces with overlapping concerns only by factoring their common methods into a third interface that serves as a base for the first two, which resolves the contractual ambiguity.

[#14] Vladimir Kornea [2013-06-26 19:34:47]

By asking your colleague to implement your interface, you are asking him to guarantee that he has implemented all the methods you need. He can implement multiple interfaces, each being a contract, so that the guy cleaning up the cruft down the road can see which methods belong to which area of concern; but since interfaces are primarily contracts rather than documentation, a class cannot implement two interfaces containing the same method since that would make the contract lose credibility through ambiguity. Thus a class can implement two interfaces with overlapping concerns only by factoring their common methods into a third interface that serves as a base for the first two, which resolves the contractual ambiguity.

[#15] dlovell2001 at yahoo dot com [2012-02-03 22:40:58]

It seems like many contributors are missing the point of using an INTERFACE. An INTERFACE is not specifically provided for abstraction. That's what a CLASS is used for. Most examples in this article of interfaces could be achieved just as easily using just classes alone.

An INTERFACE is provided so you can describe a set of functions and then hide the final implementation of those functions in an implementing class. This allows you to change the IMPLEMENTATION of those functions without changing how you use it.

For example: I have a database. I want to write a class that accesses the data in my database. I define an interface like this:

interface Database {
function listOrders();
function addOrder();
function removeOrder();
...
}

Then let's say we start out using a MySQL database. So we write a class to access the MySQL database:

class MySqlDatabase implements Database {
function listOrders() {...
}
we write these methods as needed to get to the MySQL database tables. Then you can write your controller to use the interface as such:

$database = new MySqlDatabase();
foreach ($database->listOrders() as $order) {

Then let's say we decide to migrate to an Oracle database. We could write another class to get to the Oracle database as such:

class OracleDatabase implements Database {
public function listOrders() {...
}

Then - to switch our application to use the Oracle database instead of the MySQL database we only have to change ONE LINE of code:

$database = new OracleDatabase();

all other lines of code, such as:

foreach ($database->listOrders() as $order) {

will remain unchanged. The point is - the INTERFACE describes the methods that we need to access our database. It does NOT describe in any way HOW we achieve that. That's what the IMPLEMENTing class does. We can IMPLEMENT this interface as many times as we need in as many different ways as we need. We can then switch between implementations of the interface without impact to our code because the interface defines how we will use it regardless of how it actually works.

[#16] julien arobase fastre point info [2011-12-12 11:12:29]

If you use namespaces and autoloading, do not forget to mention the use statement for each class used in yours arguments, before your class:

<?php #file : fruit/squeezable.php namespace fruit use Bar\Foo; interface squeezable { public function squeeze (Foo $foo); } ?>

<?php #file: orange namespace fruit\citrus; class orange { public function squeeze(Foo $foo); } #Will throw an exception Fatal error: Declaration of "fruit\citrus\orange::squeeze must be compatible with that of fruit\squeezable() in fruit/squeezable.php ?>

<?php #file: orange namespace fruit\citrus; use Bar\Foo; #DO NOT FORGET THIS! class orange { public function squeeze (Foo $foo); } #Will be correct ?>

[#17] thanhn2001 at gmail dot com [2011-03-03 13:37:46]

PHP prevents interface a contant to be overridden by a class/interface that DIRECTLY inherits it. However, further inheritance allows it. That means that interface constants are not final as mentioned in a previous comment. Is this a bug or a feature?

<?php interface a { const b = 'Interface constant'; } // Prints: Interface constant echo a::b; class b implements a { } // This works!!! class c extends b { const b = 'Class constant'; } echo c::b; ?>

[#18] jballard at natoga dot com [2011-01-06 13:33:30]

If it isn't already obvious, you can create an object of a class above the class declaration if it does NOT implement an interface. However, when a class DOES implement an interface, PHP will throw a "class not found" error unless the instantiation declaration is _below_ the class definition.

<?php $bar = new foo(); // Valid class foo { } ?>

<?php $bar = new foo(); // Invalid - throws fatal error interface foo2 { } class bar implements foo2 { } $bar = new foo(); // Valid, since it is below the class declaration ?>

Also, @Jeffrey -- Lol? What? Is that a joke? PHP interfaces have nothing to do with connecting to "peripheral devices" or "cameras", etc. Not even in the least sense. This is a very common miscommunication with the word "interface", as interfaces in programming are not at all like interfaces in electronics or drivers, etc.

[#19] Anonymous [2010-08-13 12:44:43]

If you want to ensure implementation classes are correctly initialised (i.e. due to trickery one needs to do to work around lack of multiple inheritance), simply add __construct() to your interface, so risk of init being forgotten is reduced.

[#20] drieick at hotmail dot com [2010-02-23 09:29:28]

I was wondering if implementing interfaces will take into account inheritance. That is, can inherited methods be used to follow an interface's structure?

<?php interface Auxiliary_Platform { public function Weapon(); public function Health(); public function Shields(); } class T805 implements Auxiliary_Platform { public function Weapon() { var_dump(__CLASS__); } public function Health() { var_dump(__CLASS__ . "::" . __FUNCTION__); } public function Shields() { var_dump(__CLASS__ . "->" . __FUNCTION__); } } class T806 extends T805 implements Auxiliary_Platform { public function Weapon() { var_dump(__CLASS__); } public function Shields() { var_dump(__CLASS__ . "->" . __FUNCTION__); } } $T805 = new T805(); $T805->Weapon(); $T805->Health(); $T805->Shields(); echo "<hr />"; $T806 = new T806(); $T806->Weapon(); $T806->Health(); $T806->Shields(); ?>

Class T805 implements the interface Auxiliary_Platform. T806 does the same thing, but the method Health() is inherited from T805 (not the exact case, but you get the idea). PHP seems to be fine with this and everything still works fine. Do note that the rules for class inheritance doesn't change in this scenario.

If the code were to be the same, but instead T805 (or T806) DOES NOT implement Auxiliary_Platform, then it'll still work. Since T805 already follows the interface, everything that inherits T805 will also be valid. I would be careful about that. Personally, I don't consider this a bug.

This seems to work in PHP5.2.9-2, PHP5.3 and PHP5.3.1 (my current versions).

We could also do the opposite:

<?php class T805 { public function Weapon() { var_dump(__CLASS__); } } class T806 extends T805 implements Auxiliary_Platform { public function Health() { var_dump(__CLASS__ . "::" . __FUNCTION__); } public function Shields() { var_dump(__CLASS__ . "->" . __FUNCTION__); } } $T805 = new T805(); $T805->Weapon(); echo "<hr />"; $T806 = new T806(); $T806->Weapon(); $T806->Health(); $T806->Shields(); ?>

This works as well, but the output is different. I'd be careful with this.

[#21] uramihsayibok, gmail, com [2010-02-10 11:25:52]

Interfaces can define static methods, but note that this won't make sense as you'll be using the class name and not polymorphism.

...Unless you have PHP 5.3 which supports late static binding:

<?php interface IDoSomething { public static function doSomething(); } class One implements IDoSomething { public static function doSomething() { echo "One is doing something\n"; } } class Two extends One { public static function doSomething() { echo "Two is doing something\n"; } } function example(IDoSomething $doer) { $doer::doSomething(); // "unexpected ::" in PHP 5.2 } example(new One()); // One is doing something example(new Two()); // Two is doing something ?>

If you have PHP 5.2 you can still declare static methods in interfaces. While you won't be able to call them via LSB, the "implements IDoSomething" can serve as a hint/reminder to other developers by saying "this class has a ::doSomething() method".
Besides, you'll be upgrading to 5.3 soon, right? Right?

(Heh. I just realized: "I do something". Unintentional, I swear!)

[#22] rskret at ranphilit dot com [2009-06-02 14:47:36]

This may help understand EX.2. Below are modifiers and additions to
the code. Refer to EX.2 to make a complete code block(this saves comment
space!).
I found the function definition baz(Baz $baz) baffling. Lucky was
able to sus it out fast. Seems method baz requires just one arg and
that must be an instance of the class Baz. Here is a way to know how to
deal with that sort of arg...
<?php # modify iface b...adding $num to get better understanding interface b extends a { public function baz(Baz $baz,$num); } # mod claas c class c implements b { public function foo() { echo'foo from class c'; } public function baz(Baz $baz,$num) { var_dump ($baz);# object(Baz)#2 (1) { ["bb"]=> string(3) "hot" } echo ' '; echo $baz->bb." $num";echo ' ';# hot 6 } } # add a class Baz... class Baz { public $bb='hot'; function ebaz(){ echo'this is BAZ'; } } # set instance of Baz and get some output... $bazI=new Baz; baz::ebaz();echo ' ';# this is BAZ c::baz($bazI,6); ?>

[#23] cretz [2008-09-21 15:49:31]

FYI, interfaces can define constructors, destructors, and magic methods. This can be very helpful especially in the case of constructors when instantiating an implementing class via reflection in some sort of factory. Of course, it is not recommended to do such a thing since it goes against the nature of a true interface.

[#24] lazybones_senior [2008-09-15 10:41:42]

WHOA! KEEP IT SIMPLE...

With the code below, you already get a feel at how much ground this app might cover.

<?php interface ElectricalDevice{ public function power_on(); public function power_off(); } interface FrequencyTuner{ public function get_frequencey(); public function set_frequency($f); } class ElectricFan implements ElectricalDevice{ // define ElectricalDevice... } class MicrowaveOven implements ElectricalDevice{ // define ElectricalDevice... } class StereoReceiver implements ElectricalDevice, FrequencyTuner{ // define ElectricalDevice... // define FrequencyTuner... } class CellPhone implements ElectricalDevice, FrequencyTuner{ // define ElectricalDevice... // define FrequencyTuner... } ?>

Even those who lack imagination can fill in the blanks from here.

[#25] secure_admin [2008-09-14 14:28:18]

In response to harryjry and mehea concerning your Weather Model. The problem is that you don't need all the things you think you need. In OOP, good class definitions get to the point rather quickly.

<?php class Weather{ public $time, $temperature, $humidity; public function __construct($tm, $t, $h){ $this->time = $tm; $this->temperature = $t; $this->humidity = $h; } public function __toString(){ return "Time: $this->time, Temperature: $this->temperature°, Humidity: $this->humidity%"; } } $forecasts = array( new Weather("1:00 pm", 65, 42), new Weather("2:00 pm", 66, 40), new Weather("3:00 pm", 68, 39) // add more weather reports as desired... ); echo "Forecast for Chicago, IL: "; foreach($forecasts as $forecast) echo ' - ' . $forecast ' '; ?>
Forecast for Chicago, IL:
- Time: 1:00 pm, Temperature: 65??, Humidity: 42%
- Time: 2:00 pm, Temperature: 66??, Humidity: 40%
- Time: 3:00 pm, Temperature: 68??, Humidity: 39%

Note: MySQL can store data like this already, but if you included constants, more variables, and other functions in the Weather class, then maybe, just maybe it could be of use.

[#26] mehea [2008-07-30 11:55:29]

While a subclass may implement an interface by extending an abstract class that implements the interface, I question whether it is good design to to do so. Here's what I would suggest while taking the liberty of modifying the above weather/wet model:

<?php interface water { public function makeItWet(); } abstract class weather implements water { private $cloudy; public function makeItWet(){} abstract public function start(); abstract public function getCloudy(); abstract public function setCloudy(); } class rain extends weather { private $cloudy; public function start() { return "Here's some weather. "; } public function makeItWet() { return 'it is raining cats and dogs today.'; } public function getCloudy() { return $this->cloudy; } public function setCloudy($bln=false) { $this->cloudy = $bln; } } $a = new rain(); echo $a->start(); $a->setCloudy(true); if ($a->getCloudy()) { echo 'It is a cloudy day and '; } echo $a->makeItWet(); ?>

[#27] logik at centrum dot cz [2008-07-17 14:17:53]

Makes them useles a bit. I give an example:
I have a class that enumerate (so implements iterator) a interface that has method key() that returns key for the enumerated object.
I cannot implement iterator, that enumerates the objects by itself (so current() returns this), because of collision of method key(). But it's not collision - the key in the iterator and the key in the enumerated object has the same meaning and allways returns same values.
(Common example of this iterator is iterator, that reads from database - make a special object for each row is waste of time).

Yes - there are workarounds - e.g. rewrite the code so current don't return this - but it's in some cases waste of processor time.
Or I can rename the method key in enumerated object - but why should I wrote the same method twice? It's either waste of time (if the function key is simply duplicated) or waste of time (if the renamed key calls original key).
Well, the right, clear way there would be to redefine interface iterator -- move the method key to the ancestor of iterator, and makes the ancestor ancestor of enumerated interface too. But it's (with built-in interfaces) impossible too.

[#28] harryjry at yahoo dot com [2008-06-10 14:29:20]

The structure I am working with has a lot of inheritance going on, but not all methods are specified in one place. I needed a way to make sure an interface would be used, but that the method(s) defined in the interface are defined somewhere.

As such, I learned that the parent can define the interface's methods, and then the children can override that method at will without having to worry about the interface.

To expand on nrg1981's example, the following is possible:

<?php interface water { public function makeItWet(); } class weather { public function makeItWet() { return 'it may or may not be wet'; } public function start() { return 'Here is some weather'; } } class rain extends weather implements water { public function makeItWet() { return 'It is wet'; } } class thunder extends weather implements water { } $a = new rain(); echo $a->start() . "\n"; echo $a->makeItWet() . "\n"; $a = new thunder(); echo $a->start() . "\n"; echo $a->makeItWet() . "\n"; ?>

[#29] kaisershahid at gmail dot com [2008-04-07 05:41:44]

php at wallbash dot com's comment of "It's important to note this because it is very unexpected behavior and renders many common Interface completly useless" doesn't make sense.

the idea of the interface is to force objects that aren't related to be reused in a common way. without them, to force that requirement, all objects that need those methods implemented would have to be descended from a base class that's known to have those methods. that's clearly not a smart idea if these objects aren't actually related.

one example (that i'm currently working on) is a background service that pulls information down from different content providers. i have a transport and i have an import. for both, what actually happens in the background is different from provider to provider, but since i'm implementing a transport & import interface, i only need to write code once, because i know exactly the what methods will be implemented to get the job done. then, i just have a config file that loads the class dynamically. i don't need something like

if ( $provider == "some company" )
{
   // use this set of code
}
elseif ( $provider == "another company" )
{
   // use this other set of code
}

instead, i can do:

foreach ( $providers as $provider => $info )
{
    $_transport = $info['transportObject'];
    $transport = new $_transport();
    $_import = $info['importObject'];
    $import = new $_import();

    $transport->setImporter( $import );
    $transport->retrieve();
}

it is expected behavior that when a class implements two interfaces that share one or more method names, an error is thrown, because interfaces don't relate to each other. if you want that sort of inferred behavior (i.e. A and B are different except for these shared methods), stick to [abstract] classes.

it sucks that interface methods might collide for some common types of tasks (get(), set(), etc.), so knowing that, design your interfaces with more unique method names.

[#30] michael dot martinek at gmail dot com [2008-01-03 20:18:41]

In regards to what Hayley Watson is writing:

The "interface" is a method of enforcing that anyone who implements it must include all the functions declared in the interface. This is an abstraction method, since you cannot just declare a base class and do something like "public abstract function myTest();" and later on extend that class.

If you don't override the default value in a parameter list, it's assumed that the default value was received by time you have any control to read or relay the value on again. There should be no problem in having all or none of your parameters in an interface having a default value, as the value is "auto-filled" if not explicitly provided.

I just came across interfaces in PHP.. but I use them quite a bit in Java and Delphi. Currently building different DB wrappers, but all must enforce common access using a base class.. and also enforce that all of specific routines are implemented.

[#31] Docey [2007-11-11 15:23:36]

Another note about default values in interfaces is that an class must implement at least the arguments as in the interface. that is: an implementation may have more arguments but not less if these additional arguments have an default value and thus can be called as declared in the interface.

an litte example:
<?php interface myInterface{ public function setStuff($id, $name); } class MyFirstClass implements myInterface{ public function setStuff($id, $name); } class MySecondClass implements myInterface{ public function setStuff($id, $name, $type); } class myThirdClass implements myInterface{ public function setStuff($id, $name, $type=0); } ?>

Here mySecondClass will print an fatal error while myThirdClass is just fine because myThirdClass::setStuff($id, $name); is valid and thus fullfills the interface requirements. an interface declares as set of requirement on how methods can be called and any class implementing an interface thus agrees that is will provide these methods and that they can be called as in the interface. adding additional arguments with default values is thus allowed because it does not violate the agreement that the method can be called as in the interface.

[#32] nrg1981 {AT} hotmail {DOT} com [2007-10-05 06:48:47]

In case you would want to, a child class can implement an interface:

<?php interface water { public function makeItWet(); } class weather { public function start() { return 'Here is some weather'; } } class rain extends weather implements water { public function makeItWet() { return 'It is wet'; } } $a = new rain(); echo $a->start(); echo $a->makeItWet(); ?>

[#33] Hayley Watson [2007-09-21 03:42:07]

If it's not already obvious, it's worth noticing that the parameters in the interface's method declaration do not have to have the same names as those in any of its implementations.

More significantly, default argument values may be supplied for interface method parameters, and they have to be if you want to use default argument values in the implemented classes:

<?php interface isStuffable { public function getStuffed($ratio=0.5); } class Turkey implements isStuffable { public function getStuffed($stuffing=1) { // .... } } ?>

Note that not only do the parameters have different names ($ratio and $stuffing), but their default values are free to be different as well. There doesn't seem to be any purpose to the interface's default argument value except as a dummy placeholder to show that there is a default (a class implementing isStuffable will not be able to implement methods with the signatures getStuffed(), getStuffed($a), or getStuffed($a,$b)).

[#34] Hayley Watson [2007-09-20 22:34:34]

On an incidental note, it is not necessary for the implementation of an interface method to use the same variable names for its parameters that were used in the interface declaration.

More significantly, your interface method declarations can include default argument values. If you do, you must specify their implementations with default arguments, too. Just like the parameter names, the default argument values do not need to be the same. In fact, there doesn't seem to be any functionality to the one in the interface declaration at all beyond the fact that it is there.

<?php interface isStuffed { public function getStuff($something=17); } class oof implements isStuffed { public function getStuff($a=42) { return $a; } } $oof = new oof; echo $oof->getStuff(); ?>

Implementations that try to declare the method as getStuff(), getStuff($a), or getStuff($a,$b) will all trigger a fatal error.

[#35] zedd at fadingtwilight dot net [2007-07-04 21:42:10]

Regarding my previous note (04-Jul-2007 9:01):

I noticed a minor but critical mistake in my explanation. After the link to the PHP manual page on class abstraction, I stated:

"So by definition, you may only overload non-abstract methods."

This is incorrect. This should read:

"So by definition, you may only override non-abstract methods."

Sorry for any confusion.

[#36] zedd at fadingtwilight dot net [2007-07-04 21:01:08]

prometheus at php-sparcle:

Your code fails because you're effectively trying to do this:

<?php abstract class IFoo { abstract public function Foo(); } abstract class IBar extends IFoo { // Fails; abstract method IFoo::Foo() must be defined in child and must match parent's definition abstract public function Foo($bar); } ?>

By definition, all methods in an interface are abstract. So the above code segment is equivalent to your interface definitions and results in the same error. Why? Let's have a look at the PHP manual. From the second paragraph on class abstraction:

"When inheriting from an abstract class, all methods marked abstract in the parent's class declaration must be defined by the child;"

http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.abstract.php

So by definition, you may only overload non-abstract methods.

For example:

<?php abstract class IFoo { public function Foo() { // do something... } } abstract class IBar extends IFoo { public function Foo($bar) { // do something else... } } ?>

This can't be directly replicated with interfaces since you can't implement methods inside of an interface. They can only be implemented in a class or an abstract class.

If you must use interfaces, the following accomplishes the same thing, but with two separate method names:

<?php interface IFoo { public function Foo(); } interface IBar extends IFoo { public function Bar($bar); } class FooBar implements IBar { public function Foo() { // do something... } public function Bar($bar) { // do something else... } } ?>

If both methods need the same name, then you'll have to use non-abstract methods. In this case, interfaces aren't the right tool for the job. You'll want to use abstract classes (or just regular classes).

[#37] Maikel [2007-01-12 15:07:57]

if you want to implement an interface and in addition to use inheritance, first it uses ??extends?? and then ??implements?? example:

<?php class MyChildClass extends MyParentClass implements MyInterface { // definition } ?>

[#38] Chris AT w3style DOT co.uk [2006-12-07 05:25:52]

Note that you can extend interfaces with other interfaces since under-the-hood they are just abstract classes:

<?php interface Foo { public function doFoo(); } interface Bar extends Foo { public function doBar(); } class Zip implements Bar { public function doFoo() { echo "Foo"; } public function doBar() { echo "Bar"; } } $zip = new Zip(); $zip->doFoo(); $zip->doBar(); ?>

This is quite useful when you're using interfaces for identity more than the rigidity it places upon an API. You can get the same result by implementing multiple interfaces.

An example of where I've used this in the past is with EventListener objects ala Java's Swing UI. Some listeners are effectively the same thing but happen at different times therefore we can keep the same API but change the naming for clarity.

[#39] marasek AT telton POINT de [2006-09-06 18:01:16]

What is not mentioned in the manual is that you can use "self" to force object hinting on a method of the implementing class:

Consider the following interface:
<?php interface Comparable {function compare(self $compare);} ?>

Which is then implemented:

<?php class String implements Comparable { private $string; function __construct($string) {$this->string = $string;} function compare(self $compare) {return $this->string == $compare->string;} } class Integer implements Comparable { private $integer; function __construct($int) {$this->integer = $int;} function compare(self $compare) {return $this->integer == $compare->integer;} } ?>

Comparing Integer with String will result in a fatal error, as it is not an instance of the same class:

<?php $first_int = new Integer(3); $second_int = new Integer(3); $first_string = new String("foo"); $second_string = new String("bar"); var_dump($first_int->compare($second_int)); // bool(true) var_dump($first_string->compare($second_string)); // bool(false) var_dump($first_string->compare($second_int)); // Fatal Error ?>

[#40] vbolshov at rbc dot ru [2006-08-10 02:34:00]

Consider the following:
[vbolshov@localhost tmp]$ cat t.php
<?php error_reporting(E_ALL | E_STRICT); interface i { function f($arg); } class c implements i { function f($arg, $arg2 = null) { } } ?>
[vbolshov@localhost tmp]$ php t.php
[vbolshov@localhost tmp]$

PHP doesn't generate a Fatal Error in this case, although the method declaration in the class differs from that in the interface. This situation doesn't seem good to me: I'd prefer classes being strictly bound to their interfaces.

[#41] spiritus.canis at gmail dot com [2005-10-25 10:45:49]

Regarding the example by cyrille.berliat:

This is not a problem and is consistent with other languages. You'd just want to use inheritance like so:

<?php class AbstractClass { public function __ToString ( ) { return 'Here I am'; } } class DescendantClass extends AbstractClass {} interface MyInterface { public function Hello ( AbstractClass $obj ); } class MyClassOne implements MyInterface { public function Hello ( AbstractClass $obj ) { echo $obj; } } // Will work as Interface Satisfied $myDC = new DescendantClass() ; MyClassOne::Hello( $myDC ) ; ?>

[#42] cyrille.berliat[no spam]free.fr [2005-10-17 02:29:57]

Interfaces and Type Hinting can be used but not with Inherintance in the same time :

<?php class AbstractClass { public function __ToString ( ) { return 'Here I\'m I'; } } class DescendantClass extends AbstractClass { } interface MyI { public function Hello ( AbstractClass $obj ); } class MyClassOne implements MyI { public function Hello ( AbstractClass $obj ) { echo $obj; } } // Will work as Interface Satisfied class MyClassTwo implements MyI { public function Hello ( DescendantClass $obj ) { echo $obj; } } // Will output a fatal error because Interfaces don't support Inherintance in TypeHinting //Fatal error: Declaration of MyClassTwo::hello() must be compatible with that of MyI::hello() ?>

Something a little bit bad in PHP 5.0.4 :)

[#43] darealremco at msn dot com [2005-10-02 12:53:45]

To two notes below: There is one situation where classes and interfaces can be used interchangeably. In function definitions you can define parameter types to be classes or interfaces. If this was not so then there would not be much use for interfaces at all.

[#44] warhog at warhog dot net [2005-08-11 08:35:27]

on the post below:

An interface is in fact the same like an abstract class containing abstract methods, that's why interfaces share the same namespace as classes and why therefore "real" classes cannot have the same name as interfaces.

[#45] marcus at synchromedia dot co dot uk [2005-07-28 04:11:51]

Classes and interface names share a common name space, so you can't have a class and an interface with the same name, even though the two can never be used ambiguously (i.e. there are no circumstances in which a class and an interface can be used interchangeably). e.g. this will not work:

interface foo {
public function bling();
}

class foo implements foo {
public function bling() {
}
}

You will get a 'Cannot redeclare class' error, even though it's only been declared as a class once.

[#46] tobias_demuth at web dot de [2005-05-04 14:21:38]

The statement, that you have to implement _all_ methods of an interface has not to be taken that seriously, at least if you declare an abstract class and want to force the inheriting subclasses to implement the interface.
Just leave out all methods that should be implemented by the subclasses. But never write something like this:

<?php interface Foo { function bar(); } abstract class FooBar implements Foo { abstract function bar(); // just for making clear, that this // method has to be implemented } ?>

This will end up with the following error-message:

Fatal error: Can't inherit abstract function Foo::bar() (previously declared abstract in FooBar) in path/to/file on line anylinenumber

[#47] erik dot zoltan at msn dot com [2005-02-25 10:43:05]

When should you use interfaces?  What are they good for?
Here are two examples.

1. Interfaces are an excellent way to implement reusability.
You can create a general interface for a number of situations
(such as a save to/load from disk interface.)  You can then
implement the interface in a variety of different ways (e.g. for
formats such as tab delimited ASCII, XML and a database.)
You can write code that asks the object to "save itself to
disk" without having to worry what that means for the object
in question.  One object might save itself to the database,
another to an XML and you can change this behavior over
time without having to rewrite the calling code.

This allows you to write reusable calling code that can work
for any number of different objects -- you don't need to know
what kind of object it is, as long as it obeys the common
interface.

2. Interfaces can also promote gradual evolution.  On a
recent project I had some very complicated work to do and I
didn't know how to implement it.  I could think of a "basic"
implementation but I knew I would have to change it later.
So I created interfaces in each of these cases, and created
at least one "basic" implementation of the interface that
was "good enough for now" even though I knew it would have
to change later.

When I came back to make the changes, I was able to create
some new implementations of these interfaces that added the
extra features I needed.  Some of my classes still used
the "basic" implementations, but others needed the
specialized ones.  I was able to add the new features to the
objects themselves without rewriting the calling code in most
cases.  It was easy to evolve my code in this way because
the changes were mostly isolated -- they didn't spread all
over the place like you might expect.

[#48] mat.wilmots (at) wanadoo (dot) fr [2005-01-20 06:22:30]

interfaces support multiple inheritance

<?php interface SQL_Result extends SeekableIterator, Countable { // new stuff } abstract class SQL_Result_Common { // just because that's what one would do in reality, generic implementation } class SQL_Result_mysql extends SQL_Result_Common implements SQL_Result { // actual implementation } ?>

This code raises a fatal error because SQL_Result_mysql doesn't implement the abstract methods of SeekableIterator (6) + Countable (1)

[#49] russ dot collier at gmail dot com [2004-11-28 10:24:55]

You can also specify class constants in interfaces as well (similar to specifying 'public static final' fields in Java interfaces):

<?php interface FooBar { const SOME_CONSTANT = 'I am an interface constant'; public function doStuff(); } ?>

Then you can access the constant by referring to the interface name, or an implementing class, (again similar to Java) e.g.:

<?php class Baz implements FooBar { //.... } print Baz::SOME_CONSTANT; print FooBar::SOME_CONSTANT; ?>

Both of the last print statements will output the same thing: the value of FooBar::SOME_CONSTANT

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