canvas API, popular canvas basics (3)

The full text talks about how to draw triangles, circles and other related graphics. Students who are not familiar with it can go out and turn right, read the previous article first, and then continue with our graphics-curves.

Students who have studied mathematics or are familiar with js all know the Bezier curve. Of course, in mathematics, this is a profound knowledge. The Bezier curve in js is generally used to Animation is actually reflected in other places, such as the pen tool in Photoshop, the Bezier tool in CorelDraw, etc., and it is also reflected in canvas

Of course, if you are simply drawing a curve , you can also use the previous method:

var canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
    
ctx.arc(100,100,100,0,90*Math.PI/180,false);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(103,103);
ctx.arcTo(183,83,162,182,40);
ctx.stroke();

If you want to draw a winding line, it will be difficult. Only then does the following protagonist appear:

quadraticCurveTo(cpx,cpy,x,y) Quadratic Bezier Curve

Parameters: cpx, cpy represents the first control point, x, y Indicates the end point

plus the starting point, which means three points control a curve. In fact, this is similar to the usage of arcTo. The difference is that arcTo needs to specify the radius of the arc, because it is one of the two lines. Draw a curve formed by the tangent point of a circle and a straight line. What is the principle of drawing this quadratic Bezier curve? Let’s draw a picture together:



The general rule of the quadratic Bezier curve: starting from the starting point, the closer the curve is to the control point, the steeper the curve, and then slowly Moving away from the control point, the curve becomes smoother and smoother until it reaches the end point, and this curve will be tangent to the starting point and the end point.

Is this control point a bit like a magnet, attracting this curve? Sports, as the saying goes, hearing is worse than seeing. Let’s try it:

ctx.moveTo(50,50);
ctx.lineTo(70,120);
ctx.lineTo(200,80);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50,50);
ctx.quadraticCurveTo(70,120,200,80);
ctx.stroke();

## and see. Is this the case? Of course, there is a formula for the degree of curvature of a curve, but we don’t need to care. We just need to remember one thing: the closer the curve is to the control point, the steeper the curve, and the farther away from the control point, the flatter the curve. Oh!

A reminder again, do you understand the difference between arcTo and quadraticCurveTo now?

Now let’s introduce the cubic Bezier curve:

bezierCurveTo(cpx1,cpy1,cpx2,cpy2,x,y) Cubic Bezier curve

Parameters: cpx1, cpy1 represents the first control point, cpx2, cpy2 represents the second control point x, y represents the end point

Including the starting point, 4 points are used to determine a curve. This is similar to Quadratic Bezier The principle of the curve is the same, with just one more control point. The essence is still the same sentence: the curve is closer to the control point, the steeper the curve, and the curve is farther away from the control point, the flatter the curve.

Let’s start with a simple example. (Make a U shape):

ctx.moveTo(20,20);
ctx.bezierCurveTo(20,100,200,100,200,20);
ctx.stroke();

##As shown in the picture above, the first one It is a rendering, and the second one is a schematic diagram. The curve starts from the starting point, and there is a control point below. The steeper the curve, the position of the tangent line between the second control point and the curve, because it is affected by the two control points. Affected, the curve begins to gradually become flat, because the two control points are just symmetrical, so at the middle point, the curve becomes horizontal, and then continues to be affected by the two control points, and the effect of the second control point becomes larger and larger. You know The position of the tangent point between the first control point and the curve. The curve continues to be affected by the second control point and receives force in the opposite direction. When it reaches the end point, um, I don’t understand, okay, just don’t understand if you don’t understand. Remember That concluding sentence will do!

The classic example is the sinusoidal diagram (using two Bezier curves, one positive U and one reverse U):

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(20,150);
ctx.bezierCurveTo(20,50,150,50,150,150);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(150,150);
ctx.bezierCurveTo(150,250,280,250,280,150);
ctx.stroke();

Of course, I don’t know that cubic Bezier curves can draw U-shaped diagrams, but any curve can be drawn, as long as you can’t think of it, there is nothing you can’t draw, haha , let’s expand our imagination!



It is said that those who paint should not always do ink paintings. I like colors, colorful colors. Well, canvas can also be used. Canvas can set gradients like css3, so First of all, the rainbow is not far away, hee hee

Let’s first look at how to set the gradient of CSS3, and then compare the gradient of canvas. We all know that gradients are divided into linear gradients and radial gradients. To gradient, let’s compare one by one:

Linear gradient:

.box1{
    width:500px;
    height:50px;
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, red 0%, #0F0 20%,rgb(51,102,255) 50%, rgba(204,255,0,0.8) 100%);
}

css3可以指定颜色，支持各种颜色格式，且可以指定颜色所在位置，不仅如此，css3还可以指定渐变的方向：

.box1{
    width:500px;
    height:50px;
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg , red 0%, #0F0 20%,rgb(51,102,255) 50%, rgba(204,255,0,0.8) 100%);
}

方向可以用角度来定义，45度角是从左下到右上进行渐变

径向渐变：

.box2{
    width:300px;
    height:200px;
    background:-webkit-radial-gradient(red 0%, #0F0 20%,rgb(51,102,255) 50%, rgba(204,255,0,0.8) 100%);
}

渐变原点为中心，渐变颜色为百分百之间的颜色渐变

可以看出，径向渐变是以中心为原点，一圈一圈向外扩散，同样支持自定义颜色，支持各种颜色格式，支持指定位置，也是可以设置原点和渐变方式（圆形，椭圆）：

.box2{
    width:300px;
    height:200px;
    background:-webkit-radial-gradient(bottom left, ellipse,red 0%, #0F0 20%,rgb(51,102,255) 50%, rgba(204,255,0,0.8) 100%);
}

原点左下，渐变形状为椭圆

.box2{
    width:300px;
    height:200px;
    background:-webkit-radial-gradient(bottom left, circle,red 0%, #0F0 20%,rgb(51,102,255) 50%, rgba(204,255,0,0.8) 100%);
}

原点左下，渐变形状为圆形

以上只是简单列举一下css3的渐变样式，当然css3的渐变肯定不止这些，这里主要是想对比一下canvas的渐变样式，顺便科普一下！

canvas的渐变相对要简单一些，没有那么多的花花肠子：

createLinearGradient(x1,y1,x2,y2) 创建线性渐变

参数：x1,y1 表示渐变起始点 x2,y2 表示渐变结束点

createRadialGradient(x1,y1,r1,x2,y2,r2) 创建径向渐变

参数：x1,y1 表示渐变开始圆心坐标，r1表示渐变开始圆的半径 x2,y2 表示渐变结束圆心坐标，r2表示渐变结束圆的半径

gradient.addColorStop(stop,color) 规定gradient 对象中的颜色和位置

参数： stop 取值0-1之间，表示渐变中开始与结束之间的位置 color表示渐变颜色

注意，这里添加渐变颜色的对象并不是context，而是gradient

怎么用呢？看线性渐变一个小例子：

这个科普一个误区：

ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,50);
var line = ctx.createLinearGradient(50,50,200,50);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');

这样是错误的，什么都出不来！

照理说，应该是先创建一个图像，然后给这个图形加渐变色，一般的规律都如此，比如画画，比如css，但是canvas不一样，重点来了：canvas凡是设置样式的，必须放在绘图前面 ，怎么理解这句话？

绘图的方法： fill() , fillRect() , stroke() , strokeRect() , rect()

那设置：比如文字类字体，字体大小，字体颜色，字体阴影，渐变色 路径类如线条，矩形，圆形，背景，渐变等等

所以正确的格式是：

var line = ctx.createLinearGradient(50,50,200,50);
        line.addColorStop(0,'red');
        line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
        line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
        line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
        
        ctx.fillStyle = line;
        ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,50);

可以看到canvas一样可以自定义颜色，支持各种颜色格式，支持指定位置（用0-1的数，跟百分比类似），相比css3之下，我觉得canvas的渐变颜色区域更加准确！

好了，既然canvas能像css3一样设置渐变样式，那可不可以设置方向呢？怎么设？以上面的代码为例，我们画一张图：



图可能画的有点蒙啊，解释一下，第一张图表示我们上面的代码显示的效果，渐变方向是（50,50）——> （200,50），是一条水平线，表示方向是从左到右渐变，要是我将坐标方向设为（50,50）——> （200,100），如第二张图，那么渐变是否是从左上角到右下角呢？我们试一下：

var line = ctx.createLinearGradient(50,50,200,100);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
        
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,50);

可以看出角度是正确的，createLinearGradient的2个坐标就是为了指明渐变方向的，那么canvas的径向渐变会不会跟css3相同呢？我们写一个小例子：

var line = ctx.createRadialGradient(150,150,0,150,150,200);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
        
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,150);

可以看到，如果图形即使不是一个正方形，径向渐变的圆依然是正圆，与css3的渐变机制有点不一样（css3是椭圆，看上面的css3图），并且渐变区域是根据两个圆来决定的，我们改一下这2个圆的区域看看：

var line = ctx.createRadialGradient(150,150,50,150,150,100);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
        
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,150);

比对上面的图可以看出，下图在50-100的区间里是有渐变的，其他地方则是首尾的颜色填充，那么圆心在边角上呢？

var line = ctx.createRadialGradient(50,50,0,50,50,200);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
        
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,150);

效果跟css3的样式一样，颜色更加准确，如果2圆的圆心不一样，会有什么反应？

var line = ctx.createRadialGradient(50,50,0,150,150,200);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
        
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.fillRect(50,50,200,150);

一个圆心在左上角，一个圆心在中间



咦，什么鬼，算了，如果想要正常的径向渐变，还是同圆心吧，不同圆心太诡异，hold 不住啊！

那径向渐变能像css3一样可以设置椭圆吗？咳咳，我只能借用一句台词：臣妾做不到啊！

我们来一个炫酷的渐变应用：

ctx.font = "40px 微软雅黑";
var line = ctx.createLinearGradient(10,100,200,100);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.fillText("狂拽炫酷吊炸天",10,100);

下面我们介绍另外一个与颜色有关的属性——透明！

globalAlpha = num 参数：num取值0-1之间 设置或返回绘图的当前透明值

有同学会问，按这个词的意思是全局透明，那么它是全局的吗？我也想问，那我们试一下：

ctx.fillStyle = "red";
ctx.fillRect(50,50,100,100);
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5;
ctx.fillStyle = "green";
ctx.fillRect(100,100,100,100);
ctx.fillStyle = "blue";
ctx.fillRect(150,150,100,100);

可以看到，第一个没有变透明，后面2个变透明了，那么如果我将路径闭合，是否还会出现这样的效果：

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "red";
ctx.fillRect(50,50,100,100);
ctx.closePath();
        
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5;
        
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "green";
ctx.fillRect(100,100,100,100);
ctx.closePath();
        
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "blue";
ctx.fillRect(150,150,100,100);
ctx.closePath();

结果是一样的，说明它是”人“如其名啊，果然是全局的，那么将它放入闭合路径中，会污染其他的路径吗？

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5;
ctx.fillStyle = "red";
ctx.fillRect(50,50,100,100);
ctx.closePath();

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "green";
ctx.fillRect(100,100,100,100);
ctx.closePath();
        
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "blue";
ctx.fillRect(150,150,100,100);
ctx.closePath();

马蛋，简直是严重的核污染啊，穿透力如此之强？如果我只想让第一个透明，后面的不透明？我要怎么弄呢？

为了解决这个问题，我们需要引入2个方法，同样是一对活宝啊：

context.save() 保存当前环境的状态

context.restore() 返回之前保存过的路径状态和属性

怎么理解这对活宝呢？

可以这么理解：当设置了save()方法，就相当于将后面的绘图放在一个堆栈中，与世隔绝，知道看到restore()，就返回到原来的位置，举个例子哈，就像是一堆糖果，save()就是将一部分糖果装进盒子，restore()就是封闭盒子，继续捡糖果，但是盒子里的糖果就不会与其他糖果混合了，恩，可以这么理解，特别注意的是，restore()方法必须要有save()才起作用，你想啊，都没有盒子装糖果，怎么能封闭盒子呢

那咱们来看看他们的神奇技能：

ctx.save();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5;
ctx.fillStyle = "red";
ctx.fillRect(50,50,100,100);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.restore();

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "green";
ctx.fillRect(100,100,100,100);
ctx.closePath();
        
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.fillStyle = "blue";
ctx.fillRect(150,150,100,100);
ctx.closePath();

哎呀，瞬间觉得整个世界都完美了！在面对凶悍的全局变量，属性或方法时，我们可以用上面的这对活宝来避免它们对我们需要的部分的侵害（这里为什么要说侵害，会让人想污的），确实是好技能！

回到globalAlpha，它的用处还是有很多的，路径，图形，文字都可以设置透明，那我们来一个文字透明看看：

ctx.font = "40px 微软雅黑";
var line = ctx.createLinearGradient(10,100,200,100);
line.addColorStop(0,'red');
line.addColorStop(0.2 ,'#0F0');
line.addColorStop(0.5 ,'rgb(51,102,255)');
line.addColorStop(1 ,'rgba(204,255,0,0.8)');
ctx.fillStyle = line;
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.3;
ctx.fillText("狂拽炫酷吊炸天",10,100);

恩，今天就介绍到这里吧，后面的内容比较复杂，需要认真的准备，就这样吧！

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