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SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) basic graphics drawing methods and path commands

黄舟
Release: 2017-02-27 15:05:53
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SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Scalable Vector Graphics
A graphics format used to describe two-dimensional vector graphics
SVG appeared a long time ago
Compared with canvas, it is more suitable for making some small icons, icons, etc.
HTML5 supports inline SVG
Its advantages are as follows:

  • Scalable

  • Can be created and modified via a text editor

  • Can be searched, indexed, scripted, or compressed

  • Can Print with high quality at any resolution

  • can be enlarged without losing image quality

canvas is js dynamic Drawing, and svg is an XML document to describe drawing
svg-icon URL: Portal
Let’s take a look at how to use svg drawing

Create svg

Similar to canvas, First, you need to create a tag in the html document

<svg width=300 height=300></svg>
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You can also specify the width and height attributes
(if canvas and svg do not specify width and height, the default is 300×150)
But there is another way For the form used (viewbox attribute), you can read my other article: Portal
The next graphic drawing is very similar to canvas, so I will explain more
The difference is that it is written in the form of XML tags Inside the svg tag
And specifying the width and height for the css style of svg will not make it scale proportionally

Basic graphics drawing

Straight line

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <line x1=100 y1=100 x2=200 y2=200></line></svg>
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x1,y1 start Coordinates
x2,y2 End point coordinates

You also need to specify the css style to draw it

line {    stroke: #000;}
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(Style attributes refer to the attributes in the canvas environment object)

Rectangle

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <rect x=100 y=100 width=100 height=100 rx=10 ry=10></rect></svg>
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x,y rectangle starting coordinates
width,height rectangle width and height
rx,ry rectangle rounded corners

rect {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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Be careful here The rectangle has a default stylefill: #000;
The following are the same

Circle

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <circle r=100 cx=150 cy=150></circle></svg>
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r Radius
cx,cy circle center coordinates

circle {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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ellipse

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <ellipse rx=100 ry=60 cx=150 cy=150></ellipse></svg>
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rx,ry long radius/short radius
cx,cy circle center coordinates

circle {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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Polyline

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <polyline points="100 100, 100 150, 150 150, 150 200, 200 200"></polyline></svg>
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points specifies the points that the polyline passes through
The horizontal and vertical coordinates are separated by spaces
Multiple coordinates are separated by commas

polyline {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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##Polygon

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <polygon points="100 100, 100 150, 150 150, 150 200, 200 200"></polygon></svg>
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is similar to the polyline above

except that its end point will connect to the starting point
forming a closed effect
Similar to canvas closePath()

polygon {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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##Text

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <text x=100 y=100>hello world!</text></svg>
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x,y text starting coordinate (lower left)

text {    font-size: 30px;}
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Path command

The path needs to use the path tag

It has an attribute d, we can add instructions to complete the drawing

This is much simpler than our above drawing method

M/m command and L/l command

<!-- M/L指令 --><svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 L 200 200"></path></svg>
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<!-- m/l指令 --><svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="m 100 100 l 100 100"></path></svg>
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In these two commands, the path generated is the same

The M command is equivalent to the moveTo() in canvas to specify the starting point coordinates

The L command is equivalent to lineTo() in canvas to specify the middle/end coordinates
The difference is that the M/L command is an absolute coordinate (positioned relative to the svg coordinate origin)
The m/l command is a relative coordinate ( Positioned relative to the previous point)
Of course, you also need to add css style before you can draw

path {    stroke: #000;}
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##H/h command and V/v command

These two instructions are used to perform horizontal drawing and vertical drawing.

Similarly, H and V are absolute instructions, h and v are relative instructions.

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 H 200 V 200"></path></svg>
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is equivalent to

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 h 100 v 100"></path></svg>
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has a default fill style. , modified to transparent

path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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Specified the path origin 100,100 Then moved 100px horizontally to the right, and moved 100px vertically downward

Z /z command

There is no difference between z and Z command

After the line segment is drawn, add the z command

will connect the starting point and end point and close the curve

Similar to closePath()# in canvas ##

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 h 100 v 100 Z"></path></svg>
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path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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A/a command

The A/a command is used to draw arcs. It has 7 parameters.

It is different from the canvas drawing method. It is more Powerful and complex

First look at these 7 parameters

rx, ry, x-axis-rotation, large-arc-flag, sweep-flag, x, y

rx,ry 表示绘制圆弧的x轴半径和y轴半径
x-axis-rotation 表示圆弧相对x轴的旋转角度,默认顺时针,可以是负值
large-arc-flag 表示圆弧路径是大圆弧还是小圆弧(1大圆弧、0小圆弧)
sweep-flag 表示起点到终点是顺时针还是逆时针(1顺时针、0逆时针)
x,y 终点坐标(A命令绝对坐标、a命令相对坐标)

只是看这些可能不好理解我来举个例子给大家解释一下
其实只要把这个圆弧看成是椭圆的一部分就好理解了

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 A 100 50 90 1 1 200 200"></path></svg>
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Copy after login
path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
Copy after login
Copy after login
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Copy after login
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Copy after login

这个例子中弧的起点是100,100
终点是200,200这个不难理解
A指令中前两个参数 100 50
就相当于我先画了一个100×50的椭圆
第三个参数90
便是将这个椭圆顺时针旋转90°
根据起点与终点
此时椭圆可以拆分为一个短路径和一个长路径
第四个参数1
便是表示选取较长的路径作为弧
第五个参数1
表示路径的方向为顺时针

贝塞尔曲线指令Q/T、C/S

二次贝塞尔曲线指令
Q x1 y1 , x y
T x y
三次贝塞尔曲线指令
C x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x y
S x2 y2 , x y


Q命令绘制到(x,y)的二次贝塞尔曲线,(x1,y1)为控制点

T命令绘制到(x,y)的二次贝塞尔曲线,控制点是前一个Q命令控制点的中心对称点
如果没有前一条曲线,当前点会被用作控制点。绘制出来的曲线更流畅

C命令绘制到(x,y)的三次贝塞尔曲线,(x1,y1)(x2,y2)为控制点

S命令绘制到(x,y)的三次贝塞尔曲线,(x2,y2)为新端点的控制点
第一个控制点是前一个C命令控制点的中心对称点
如果没有前一条曲线,当前点会被用作控制点。绘制出来的曲线更流畅

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 Q 200 100 200 200"></path></svg>
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path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
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Copy after login

关于贝塞尔曲线的数学解释我在canvas写过了
这里就不再说了 → 传送门

SVG样式属性

关于svg的css样式属性
类比于canvas中环境对象的属性
它们含义都是类似的,不多做解释了

  • fill

  • stroke

  • stroke-width

  • stroke/fill-opacity

  • stroke-linecap

  • stroke-linejoin


==主页传送门==

SVG(Scalable Vector Graphics)可缩放矢量图形
用于描述二维矢量图形的一种图形格式
很早之前SVG就出现了
相比于canvas,它更适合作一些小图标icon等等
HTML5支持内联SVG
它的优点如下:

  • 可伸缩

  • 可通过文本编辑器创建和修改

  • 可被搜索、索引、脚本化或压缩

  • 可在任何的分辨率下被高质量地打印

  • 可在图像质量不下降的情况下被放大

canvas是js动态绘图,而svg是XML文档来描述绘图
svg-icon网址:传送门
下面我们来看一下如何使用svg绘图

创建svg

和canvas类似,首先需要在html文档中创建标签

<svg width=300 height=300></svg>
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也可以指定width与height属性
(canvas与svg如果不指定宽高,默认300×150)
不过它还有另外一种使用的形式(viewbox属性),可以看看我的另一篇文章:传送门
接下来的图形绘制和canvas很像了,就多解释了
区别是以XML标签的形式写在svg标签内部
而且为svg的css样式指定宽高不会使它等比缩放

基本图形绘制

直线

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <line x1=100 y1=100 x2=200 y2=200></line></svg>
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x1,y1 起始坐标
x2,y2 终点坐标

还需要指定css样式才能够画出来

line {    stroke: #000;}
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(样式属性参考canvas环境对象中的属性)

矩形

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <rect x=100 y=100 width=100 height=100 rx=10 ry=10></rect></svg>
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x,y 矩形起始坐标
width,height 矩形宽高
rx,ry 矩形圆角

rect {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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这里要注意矩形有默认的样式 fill: #000;
下面的也都一样

圆形

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <circle r=100 cx=150 cy=150></circle></svg>
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r 半径
cx,cy 圆心坐标

circle {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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椭圆

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <ellipse rx=100 ry=60 cx=150 cy=150></ellipse></svg>
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rx,ry 长半径/短半径
cx,cy 圆心坐标

circle {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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折线

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <polyline points="100 100, 100 150, 150 150, 150 200, 200 200"></polyline></svg>
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points指定折线经过的点
横纵坐标空格隔开
多个坐标间逗号隔开

polyline {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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多边形

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <polygon points="100 100, 100 150, 150 150, 150 200, 200 200"></polygon></svg>
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和上面的折线差不多
只不过它的终点会连接起点
形成闭合的效果
类似于canvas中的closePath()

polygon {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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文本

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <text x=100 y=100>hello world!</text></svg>
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x,y 文本起始坐标(左下)

text {    font-size: 30px;}
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路径命令

路径需要用path标签
它有一个属性d,我们可以添加指令来完成绘图
这要比我们上面的绘制方法简洁许多

M/m命令与L/l命令

<!-- M/L指令 --><svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 L 200 200"></path></svg>
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<!-- m/l指令 --><svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="m 100 100 l 100 100"></path></svg>
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在这两个指令中,产生的路径是一样的
M指令相当于canvas中的moveTo()指定起始点坐标
L指令相当于canvas中的lineTo()指定中/终点坐标
区别是,M/L指令是绝对坐标(相对于svg坐标原点定位)
而m/l指令是相对坐标(相对于上一个点定位)
当然还需要添加css样式才可以绘制

path {    stroke: #000;}
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H/h命令与V/v命令

这两个指令用来执行水平绘制与垂直绘制
同样H与V是绝对指令,h与v是相对指令

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 H 200 V 200"></path></svg>
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等价于

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 h 100 v 100"></path></svg>
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有默认fill样式,修改为透明

path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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指定了路径原点100,100
然后水平向右移动了100px,又垂直向下移动了100px

Z/z命令

z与Z命令没有任何区别
线段绘制完毕后,添加z命令
会连接起点与终点,闭合曲线
类似于canvas中的closePath()

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 h 100 v 100 Z"></path></svg>
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path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
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Copy after login

A/a命令

A/a命令用来绘制弧,它有7个参数
与canvas绘制方式不同,它更强大并且复杂
首先看看这7个参数
rx、ry、x-axis-rotation、large-arc-flag、sweep-flag、x、y

rx,ry 表示绘制圆弧的x轴半径和y轴半径
x-axis-rotation 表示圆弧相对x轴的旋转角度,默认顺时针,可以是负值
large-arc-flag 表示圆弧路径是大圆弧还是小圆弧(1大圆弧、0小圆弧)
sweep-flag 表示起点到终点是顺时针还是逆时针(1顺时针、0逆时针)
x,y 终点坐标(A命令绝对坐标、a命令相对坐标)

只是看这些可能不好理解我来举个例子给大家解释一下
其实只要把这个圆弧看成是椭圆的一部分就好理解了

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 A 100 50 90 1 1 200 200"></path></svg>
Copy after login
Copy after login
path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login

这个例子中弧的起点是100,100
终点是200,200这个不难理解
A指令中前两个参数 100 50
就相当于我先画了一个100×50的椭圆
第三个参数90
便是将这个椭圆顺时针旋转90°
根据起点与终点
此时椭圆可以拆分为一个短路径和一个长路径
第四个参数1
便是表示选取较长的路径作为弧
第五个参数1
表示路径的方向为顺时针

贝塞尔曲线指令Q/T、C/S

二次贝塞尔曲线指令
Q x1 y1 , x y
T x y
三次贝塞尔曲线指令
C x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x y
S x2 y2 , x y


Q命令绘制到(x,y)的二次贝塞尔曲线,(x1,y1)为控制点

T命令绘制到(x,y)的二次贝塞尔曲线,控制点是前一个Q命令控制点的中心对称点
如果没有前一条曲线,当前点会被用作控制点。绘制出来的曲线更流畅

C命令绘制到(x,y)的三次贝塞尔曲线,(x1,y1)(x2,y2)为控制点

S命令绘制到(x,y)的三次贝塞尔曲线,(x2,y2)为新端点的控制点
第一个控制点是前一个C命令控制点的中心对称点
如果没有前一条曲线,当前点会被用作控制点。绘制出来的曲线更流畅

<svg width=300 height=300>
    <path d="M 100 100 Q 200 100 200 200"></path></svg>
Copy after login
Copy after login
path {    stroke: #000;    fill: transparent;}
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login
Copy after login

关于贝塞尔曲线的数学解释我在canvas写过了
这里就不再说了 → 传送门

SVG样式属性

关于svg的css样式属性
类比于canvas中环境对象的属性
它们含义都是类似的,不多做解释了

  • fill

  • stroke

  • stroke-width

  • stroke/fill-opacity

  • stroke-linecap

  • stroke-linejoin


 以上就是SVG(可缩放矢量图形)基本图形绘制方法与path路径命令的内容,更多相关内容请关注PHP中文网(www.php.cn)!


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