計算数学では、大きな数を効率的に乗算することは、暗号学から科学計算に至るまで、さまざまなアプリケーションの基礎です。 カラツバ乗算アルゴリズムは、大きな数に対する従来の長い乗算よりもパフォーマンスを大幅に向上させる分割統治法です。この記事では、文字列として表現される任意の大きな数値を処理するように設計されたこの強力なアルゴリズムの JavaScript 実装について説明します。
標準的な「教科書」乗算方法の時間計算量は (O(n2)) 、 どこ (n) 乗算される数値の桁数です。この二次関数の増加は、数値が大きくなるにつれて計算コストが高くなります。 1960 年に Anatolii Karatsuba によって導入された Karatsuba アルゴリズムは、この複雑さを約 (O(n1.585)) これにより、大規模な入力に対してより高速なオプションになります。
このアプローチにより、再帰乗算の数が 4 から 3 に減り、効率が向上します。
以下は、JavaScript での Karatsuba アルゴリズムの堅牢な実装です。このバージョンでは、文字列として表すことにより、任意の大きな整数をサポートします。
乗算.js
/** * Karatsuba multiplication algorithm for large numbers. * @param {string} num1 - First large number as a string. * @param {string} num2 - Second large number as a string. * @returns {string} - Product of the two numbers as a string. */ function karatsubaMultiply(num1, num2) { // Remove leading zeros num1 = num1.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; num2 = num2.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; // If either number is zero, return "0" if (num1 === "0" || num2 === "0") return "0"; // Base case for small numbers (12), use Number for safe multiplication if (num1.length <= 12 && num2.length <= 12) { return (Number(num1) * Number(num2)).toString(); } // Ensure even length by padding const maxLen = Math.max(num1.length, num2.length); const paddedLen = Math.ceil(maxLen / 2) * 2; num1 = num1.padStart(paddedLen, "0"); num2 = num2.padStart(paddedLen, "0"); const mid = paddedLen / 2; // Split the numbers into two halves const high1 = num1.slice(0, -mid); const low1 = num1.slice(-mid); const high2 = num2.slice(0, -mid); const low2 = num2.slice(-mid); // Helper function for adding large numbers as strings function addLargeNumbers(a, b) { const maxLength = Math.max(a.length, b.length); a = a.padStart(maxLength, "0"); b = b.padStart(maxLength, "0"); let result = ""; let carry = 0; for (let i = maxLength - 1; i >= 0; i--) { const sum = parseInt(a[i]) + parseInt(b[i]) + carry; result = (sum % 10) + result; carry = Math.floor(sum / 10); } if (carry > 0) { result = carry + result; } return result.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; } // Helper function to multiply by 10^n function multiplyByPowerOf10(num, power) { return num === "0" ? "0" : num + "0".repeat(power); } // Helper function for subtracting large numbers function subtractLargeNumbers(a, b) { const maxLength = Math.max(a.length, b.length); a = a.padStart(maxLength, "0"); b = b.padStart(maxLength, "0"); let result = ""; let borrow = 0; for (let i = maxLength - 1; i >= 0; i--) { let diff = parseInt(a[i]) - parseInt(b[i]) - borrow; if (diff < 0) { diff += 10; borrow = 1; } else { borrow = 0; } result = diff + result; } return result.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; } // Recursive steps const z0 = karatsubaMultiply(low1, low2); const z1 = karatsubaMultiply( addLargeNumbers(low1, high1), addLargeNumbers(low2, high2) ); const z2 = karatsubaMultiply(high1, high2); // Compute the result using Karatsuba formula const z1MinusZ2MinusZ0 = subtractLargeNumbers( subtractLargeNumbers(z1, z2), z0 ); const powerMidTerm = multiplyByPowerOf10(z1MinusZ2MinusZ0, mid); const z2Term = multiplyByPowerOf10(z2, 2 * mid); // Add all terms const term1 = addLargeNumbers(z2Term, powerMidTerm); const result = addLargeNumbers(term1, z0); return result; } // Example Usage const num1 = "1234567890123456789023454353453454354345435345435435"; const num2 = "98765432109876543210"; console.log("Product:", karatsubaMultiply(num1, num2));
node multiply.js
ベースケースの最適化:
任意精度のための文字列操作:
ヘルパー関数:
再帰的デザイン:
Karatsuba アルゴリズムは、再帰的な乗算の数を削減します。 (O(n2)) およそに (O(n1.585)) 。これにより、大規模な入力に対して従来の方法よりも大幅に高速になります。ただし、文字列操作のオーバーヘッドは、入力が小さい場合のパフォーマンスに影響を与える可能性があるため、基本ケースの最適化が重要です。
/** * Karatsuba multiplication algorithm for large numbers. * @param {string} num1 - First large number as a string. * @param {string} num2 - Second large number as a string. * @returns {string} - Product of the two numbers as a string. */ function karatsubaMultiply(num1, num2) { // Remove leading zeros num1 = num1.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; num2 = num2.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; // If either number is zero, return "0" if (num1 === "0" || num2 === "0") return "0"; // Base case for small numbers (12), use Number for safe multiplication if (num1.length <= 12 && num2.length <= 12) { return (Number(num1) * Number(num2)).toString(); } // Ensure even length by padding const maxLen = Math.max(num1.length, num2.length); const paddedLen = Math.ceil(maxLen / 2) * 2; num1 = num1.padStart(paddedLen, "0"); num2 = num2.padStart(paddedLen, "0"); const mid = paddedLen / 2; // Split the numbers into two halves const high1 = num1.slice(0, -mid); const low1 = num1.slice(-mid); const high2 = num2.slice(0, -mid); const low2 = num2.slice(-mid); // Helper function for adding large numbers as strings function addLargeNumbers(a, b) { const maxLength = Math.max(a.length, b.length); a = a.padStart(maxLength, "0"); b = b.padStart(maxLength, "0"); let result = ""; let carry = 0; for (let i = maxLength - 1; i >= 0; i--) { const sum = parseInt(a[i]) + parseInt(b[i]) + carry; result = (sum % 10) + result; carry = Math.floor(sum / 10); } if (carry > 0) { result = carry + result; } return result.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; } // Helper function to multiply by 10^n function multiplyByPowerOf10(num, power) { return num === "0" ? "0" : num + "0".repeat(power); } // Helper function for subtracting large numbers function subtractLargeNumbers(a, b) { const maxLength = Math.max(a.length, b.length); a = a.padStart(maxLength, "0"); b = b.padStart(maxLength, "0"); let result = ""; let borrow = 0; for (let i = maxLength - 1; i >= 0; i--) { let diff = parseInt(a[i]) - parseInt(b[i]) - borrow; if (diff < 0) { diff += 10; borrow = 1; } else { borrow = 0; } result = diff + result; } return result.replace(/^0+/, "") || "0"; } // Recursive steps const z0 = karatsubaMultiply(low1, low2); const z1 = karatsubaMultiply( addLargeNumbers(low1, high1), addLargeNumbers(low2, high2) ); const z2 = karatsubaMultiply(high1, high2); // Compute the result using Karatsuba formula const z1MinusZ2MinusZ0 = subtractLargeNumbers( subtractLargeNumbers(z1, z2), z0 ); const powerMidTerm = multiplyByPowerOf10(z1MinusZ2MinusZ0, mid); const z2Term = multiplyByPowerOf10(z2, 2 * mid); // Add all terms const term1 = addLargeNumbers(z2Term, powerMidTerm); const result = addLargeNumbers(term1, z0); return result; } // Example Usage const num1 = "1234567890123456789023454353453454354345435345435435"; const num2 = "98765432109876543210"; console.log("Product:", karatsubaMultiply(num1, num2));
node multiply.js
以上が大きな数に対するカラツバ乗算アルゴリズムの理解と実装の詳細内容です。詳細については、PHP 中国語 Web サイトの他の関連記事を参照してください。