オペレーターとは何ですか?
この章では主にPythonの演算子について説明します。簡単な例を見てみましょう: 4 +5 = 9。 この例では、4 と 5 はオペランドと呼ばれ、「+」記号は演算子です。
Python 言語は、次の種類の演算子をサポートしています:
算術演算子
比較 (関係) 演算子
代入演算子
論理演算子
ビット演算子
メンバー演算子
恒等演算子
演算子の優先順位
次へ, Pythonの演算子を一つ一つ学んでいきましょう。
Python 算術演算子
以下では、変数 a が 10、変数 b が 20 であると仮定しています:
Operator
Description
Example
+ Add - 2 つのオブジェクト a + b を加算する 出力結果 30
- 減算 - 負の数値、または 1 つの数値から別の数値を引く a - b 出力結果 -10
* 乗算 - 2 つの数値を乗算するか、複数回繰り返された文字列を返します a * b 出力結果 200
/ 除算 -
//除算 - 商の整数部分を返します 9//2 出力結果 4、9.0//2.0 出力結果 4.0
次の例は、Python のすべての算術演算子の操作を示しています。
#!/usr/bin/python a = 21 b = 10 c = 0 c = a + b print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c c = a - b print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c c = a * b print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c c = a / b print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c c = a % b print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c a = 2 b = 3 c = a**b print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c a = 10 b = 5 c = a//b print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c
上記の例の出力結果:
Line 1 - Value of c is 31 Line 2 - Value of c is 11 Line 3 - Value of c is 210 Line 4 - Value of c is 2 Line 5 - Value of c is 1 Line 6 - Value of c is 8 Line 7 - Value of c is 2
Python 比較演算子
以下では、変数 a が 10、変数 b が 20 であると仮定しています。
== - に等しい比較対象が等しい (a == b) かどうかは False を返します。 != 等しくありません - 2 つのオブジェクトが等しくないかどうかを比較します (a != b) true を返します。 <> 等しくありません - 2 つのオブジェクトが等しくないかどうかを比較します (a <> b) true を返します。この演算子は != に似ています。 > より大きい - x が y より大きいかどうかを返します (a > b) False を返します。 <未満 - x が y より小さいかどうかを返します。すべての比較演算子は、true の場合は 1 を返し、false の場合は 0 を返します。これらは、それぞれ特殊変数 True と False に相当します。これらの変数名の大文字化に注意してください。 (a < b) は true を返します。 >= 以上 - x が y 以上であるかどうかを返します。 (a >= b) は False を返します。 <= 以下 - x が y 以下かどうかを返します。 (a <= b) は true を返します。 次の例は、Python のすべての比較演算子の操作を示しています:#!/usr/bin/python a = 21 b = 10 c = 0 if ( a == b ): print "Line 1 - a is equal to b" else: print "Line 1 - a is not equal to b" if ( a != b ): print "Line 2 - a is not equal to b" else: print "Line 2 - a is equal to b" if ( a <> b ): print "Line 3 - a is not equal to b" else: print "Line 3 - a is equal to b" if ( a < b ): print "Line 4 - a is less than b" else: print "Line 4 - a is not less than b" if ( a > b ): print "Line 5 - a is greater than b" else: print "Line 5 - a is not greater than b" a = 5; b = 20; if ( a <= b ): print "Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to b" else: print "Line 6 - a is neither less than nor equal to b" if ( b >= a ): print "Line 7 - b is either greater than or equal to b" else: print "Line 7 - b is neither greater than nor equal to b" 以上实例输出结果: Line 1 - a is not equal to b Line 2 - a is not equal to b Line 3 - a is not equal to b Line 4 - a is not less than b Line 5 - a is greater than b Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to b Line 7 - b is either greater than or equal to b
#!/usr/bin/python a = 21 b = 10 c = 0 c = a + b print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c c += a print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c c *= a print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c c /= a print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c c = 2 c %= a print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c c **= a print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c c //= a print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c 以上实例输出结果: Line 1 - Value of c is 31 Line 2 - Value of c is 52 Line 3 - Value of c is 1092 Line 4 - Value of c is 52 Line 5 - Value of c is 2 Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152 Line 7 - Value of c is 99864
>> 右移动运算符 a >> 2 输出结果 15 ,二进制解释: 0000 1111
以下实例演示了Python所有位运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100 b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101 c = 0 c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100 print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c c = a | b; # 61 = 0011 1101 print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c c = a ^ b; # 49 = 0011 0001 print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011 print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000 print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111 print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15
Python逻辑运算符
Python语言支持逻辑运算符,以下假设变量a为10,变量b为20:
运算符
描述
实例
and 布尔"与" - 如果x为False,x and y返回False,否则它返回y的计算值。 (a and b) 返回 true。
or 布尔"或" - 如果x是True,它返回True,否则它返回y的计算值。 (a or b) 返回 true。
not 布尔"非" - 如果x为True,返回False。如果x为False,它返回True。 not(a and b) 返回 false。
以下实例演示了Python所有逻辑运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python a = 10 b = 20 c = 0 if ( a and b ): print "Line 1 - a and b are true" else: print "Line 1 - Either a is not true or b is not true" if ( a or b ): print "Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true" else: print "Line 2 - Neither a is true nor b is true" a = 0 if ( a and b ): print "Line 3 - a and b are true" else: print "Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true" if ( a or b ): print "Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true" else: print "Line 4 - Neither a is true nor b is true" if not( a and b ): print "Line 5 - a and b are true" else: print "Line 5 - Either a is not true or b is not true" 以上实例输出结果: Line 1 - a and b are true Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true Line 5 - a and b are true
Python成员运算符
除了以上的一些运算符之外,Python还支持成员运算符,测试实例中包含了一系列的成员,包括字符串,列表或元组。
运算符
描述
实例
in 如果在指定的序列中找到值返回True,否则返回False。 x 在 y序列中 , 如果x在y序列中返回True。
not in 如果在指定的序列中没有找到值返回True,否则返回False。 x 不在 y序列中 , 如果x不在y序列中返回True。
以下实例演示了Python所有成员运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python a = 10 b = 20 list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; if ( a in list ): print "Line 1 - a is available in the given list" else: print "Line 1 - a is not available in the given list" if ( b not in list ): print "Line 2 - b is not available in the given list" else: print "Line 2 - b is available in the given list" a = 2 if ( a in list ): print "Line 3 - a is available in the given list" else: print "Line 3 - a is not available in the given list"
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - a is not available in the given list
Line 2 - b is not available in the given list
Line 3 - a is available in the given list
Python身份运算符
身份运算符用于比较两个对象的存储单元
运算符
描述
实例
is is是判断两个标识符是不是引用自一个对象 x is y, 如果 id(x) 等于 id(y) , is 返回结果 1
is not is not是判断两个标识符是不是引用自不同对象 x is not y, 如果 id(x) 不等于 id(y). is not返回结果 1
以下实例演示了Python所有身份运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python a = 20 b = 20 if ( a is b ): print "Line 1 - a and b have same identity" else: print "Line 1 - a and b do not have same identity" if ( id(a) == id(b) ): print "Line 2 - a and b have same identity" else: print "Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity" b = 30 if ( a is b ): print "Line 3 - a and b have same identity" else: print "Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity" if ( a is not b ): print "Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity" else: print "Line 4 - a and b have same identity"
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - a and b have same identity
Line 2 - a and b have same identity
Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity
Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity
Python运算符优先级
以下表格列出了从最高到最低优先级的所有运算符:
运算符
描述
** 指数 (最高优先级)
~ + - 按位翻转, 一元加号和减号 (最后两个的方法名为 +@ 和 -@)
* / % // 乘,除,取模和取整除
+ - 加法减法
>> << 右移,左移运算符
& 位 'AND'
^ | 位运算符
<= < > >= 比较运算符
<> == != 等于运算符
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= 赋值运算符
is is not 身份运算符
in not in 成员运算符
not or and 逻辑运算符
以下实例演示了Python所有运算符优先级的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python a = 20 b = 10 c = 15 d = 5 e = 0 e = (a + b) * c / d #( 30 * 15 ) / 5 print "Value of (a + b) * c / d is ", e e = ((a + b) * c) / d # (30 * 15 ) / 5 print "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is ", e e = (a + b) * (c / d); # (30) * (15/5) print "Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is ", e e = a + (b * c) / d; # 20 + (150/5) print "Value of a + (b * c) / d is ", e
以上实例输出结果:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is 90
a + (b * c) / d の値は 50 です