常见的远程调用方式有以下2种:
RPC: Remote Produce Call远程过程调用,类似的还有RMI(remote method invoke)。自定义数据格式,基于原生TCP通信,速度快,效率高。早期的webservice,现在热门的dubbo,都是RPC的典型代表。
Http: http其实是一种网络传输协议,基于TCP,规定了数据传输的格式。 现在客户端浏览器与服务端通信基本都是采用Http协议,也可以用来进行远程服务调用。缺点是消息封装臃肿,优势是对服务的提供和调用方没有任何技术限定,自由灵活,更符合微服务理念。现在热门的Rest风格,就可以通过http协议来实现。
如果项目全部采用 Java技术栈,那么使用Dubbo作为微服务架构是一个不错的选择。
如果项目的技术栈多样化,主要采用了Spring和SpringBoot框架,那么SpringCloud搭建微服务是不二之选,使用Http方式来实现服务间调用。
java开发中,使用http连接,访问第三方网络接口,通常使用的连接工具为RestTemplate、HttpClient和OKHttp。
HttpClient和OKHttp两种连接工具,使用起来比较复杂,如果使用spring框架,可以使用restTemplate来进行http连接请求。
restTemplate默认的连接方式是java中的HttpConnection,可以使用ClientHttpRequestFactory指定不同的HTTP连接方式。
依赖
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId> <version>5.2.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId> <version>4.5.7</version> </dependency>
基础配置
@Configuration public class RestTemplateConfig { @Bean public RestTemplate restTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory factory) { return new RestTemplate(factory); } @Bean public ClientHttpRequestFactory simpleClientHttpRequestFactory() { SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory factory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory(); factory.setReadTimeout(150 * 1000); // ms factory.setConnectTimeout(150 * 1000); // ms return factory; } }
进阶配置
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient; import org.apache.http.conn.HttpClientConnectionManager; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder; import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.http.client.ClientHttpRequestFactory; import org.springframework.http.client.HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory; import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate; @Configuration public class RestTemplateConfig { /** * http连接管理器 */ @Bean public HttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager() { /*// 注册http和https请求 Registry<ConnectionSocketFactory> registry = RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory>create() .register("http", PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory()) .register("https", SSLConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory()) .build(); PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(registry);*/ PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(); // 最大连接数 poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(500); // 同路由并发数(每个主机的并发) poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(100); return poolingHttpClientConnectionManager; } /** * HttpClient * @param poolingHttpClientConnectionManager */ @Bean public HttpClient httpClient(HttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager) { HttpClientBuilder httpClientBuilder = HttpClientBuilder.create(); // 设置http连接管理器 httpClientBuilder.setConnectionManager(poolingHttpClientConnectionManager); /*// 设置重试次数,默认是3次,没有开启 httpClientBuilder.setRetryHandler(new DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(3, true));*/ // 设置默认请求头 /*List<Header> headers = new ArrayList<>(); headers.add(new BasicHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.16 Safari/537.36")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip,deflate")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Connection", "Keep-Alive")); headers.add(new BasicHeader("Content-type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")); httpClientBuilder.setDefaultHeaders(headers);*/ return httpClientBuilder.build(); } /** * 请求连接池配置 * @param httpClient */ @Bean public ClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory(HttpClient httpClient) { HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(); // httpClient创建器 clientHttpRequestFactory.setHttpClient(httpClient); // 连接超时时间/毫秒(连接上服务器(握手成功)的时间,超出抛出connect timeout) clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000); // 数据读取超时时间(socketTimeout)/毫秒(服务器返回数据(response)的时间,超过抛出read timeout) clientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(10 * 1000); // 从连接池获取请求连接的超时时间,不宜过长,必须设置/毫秒(超时间未拿到可用连接,会抛出org.apache.http.conn.ConnectionPoolTimeoutException: Timeout waiting for connection from pool) clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(10 * 1000); return clientHttpRequestFactory; } /** * rest模板 */ @Bean public RestTemplate restTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory) { // 配置请求工厂 return new RestTemplate(clientHttpRequestFactory); } }
实体类
@Data @Builder @NoArgsConstrutor @AllArgsConstrutor public class BaseResponse<TempUser> implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private String responseCode; private String responseMessage; private List<TempUser> responseData; }
@Data @Builder @NoArgsConstrutor @AllArgsConstrutor public class TempUser implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private String userName; private Integer age; }
普通访问
BaseResponse result = restTemplate.getForObject( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getUser?userName=张三&age=18", BaseResponse.class);
返回HTTP状态
ResponseEntity<BaseResponse> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getUser?userName=张三&age=18", TempUser.class); // 获取状态对象 HttpStatus httpStatus = responseEntity.getStatusCode(); // 获取状态码 int statusCodeValue = responseEntity.getStatusCodeValue(); // 获取headers HttpHeaders httpHeaders = responseEntity.getHeaders(); // 获取body BaseResponse result = responseEntity.getBody();
映射请求参数
Map<String, Object> paramMap = new HashMap<>(); paramMap.put("userName", "张三"); paramMap.put("age", 18); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.getForObject( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getUser?userName={userName}&age={age}", BaseResponse.class, paramMap);
普通访问接口
TempUser param = new TempUser(); param.setUserName("张三"); param.setAge(18); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getPostUser", param, BaseResponse.class);
带HEAD访问接口
// 请求头信息 HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders(); //headers.setContentType(MediaType.valueOf("application/json;charset=UTF-8")); headers.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8); //headers.add("headParam1", "headParamValue"); // 请求体内容 TempUser param = new TempUser(); param.setUserName("张三"); param.setAge(18); // 组装请求信息 HttpEntity<TempUser> httpEntity=new HttpEntity<>(param, headers); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getPostUser", httpEntity, BaseResponse.class);
无请求体的访问:仅method为post,传参方式仍然为get的param方式
Map<String, Object> paramMap = new HashMap<>(); paramMap.put("userName", "张三"); paramMap.put("age", 18); BaseResponse result = restTemplate.postForObject( "http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/getPostUserNoBody?userName={userName}&age={age}", null, BaseResponse.class, paramMap); System.out.println(result);
后台接口代码:
@RequestMapping("uploadFile") public TempUser uploadFile(HttpServletRequest request, TempUser form) { MultipartHttpServletRequest multipartHttpServletRequest = (MultipartHttpServletRequest) request; //获取文件信息 MultipartFile multipartFile = multipartHttpServletRequest.getFile("file"); TempUser tempUser = new TempUser(); if (multipartFile != null) { tempUser.setUserName(form.getUserName() + " " + multipartFile.getOriginalFilename()); } if(form!=null){ tempUser.setAge(form.getAge()); } return tempUser; }
访问方式:
// 文件 FileSystemResource file=new FileSystemResource("D:\\Elasticsearch权威指南(中文版).pdf"); // 设置请求内容 MultiValueMap<String, Object> param=new LinkedMultiValueMap<>(); param.add("file", file); // 其他参数 param.add("userName", "张三"); param.add("age", 18); // 组装请求信息 HttpEntity<MultiValueMap<String, Object>> httpEntity=new HttpEntity<>(param); // 发送请求 TempUser result = restTemplate.postForObject("http://localhost:8080/cs-admin/rest/uploadFile", httpEntity, TempUser.class);
HttpClient 通过连接池创建连接:
管理连接的基本单位是Route(路由),每个路由上都会维护一定数量的HTTP连接
每次调用后必须执行 releaseConnection
路由可以理解为客户端机器到目标机器的一条线路
如果不给 httpclient配置指定的连接管理器,httpclient会自动使用PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager作为连接管理器。
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager默认的maxConnPerRoute和maxConnTotal分别是是2和20。也就是对于每个服务器最多只会维护2个连接,看起来有点少。所以,在日常使用时我们尽量使用自己配置的连接管理器比较好。
连接池:
连接池技术作为创建和管理连接的缓冲池技术。
连接池管理的对象是长连接
有长连接的优势
**长连接:**是指客户端与服务器端一旦建立连接以后,可以进行多次数据传输而不需重新建立连接,
优势:
省去了每次数据传输连接建立的时间开销
资源的访问控制
**短连接:**每次数据传输都需要客户端和服务器端建立一次连接
使用HttpClient
发送请求、接收响应很简单,一般需要如下几步即可:
创建HttpClient
对象
创建请求方法的实例,并指定请求URL
。如果需要发送GET
请求,创建HttpGet
对象;如果需要发送POST
请求,创建HttpPost
对象。
如果需要发送请求参数,可调用HttpGet、HttpPost
共同的setParams(HetpParams params)
方法来添加请求参数;对于HttpPost
对象而言,也可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)
方法来设置请求参数,参数则必须用NameValuePair[]
数组存储
调用HttpClient
对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)
发送请求,该方法返回一个HttpResponse
调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()
、getHeaders(String name)
等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用HttpResponse
的getEntity()
方法可获取HttpEntity
对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容
释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接
依赖:
<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId> <version>4.5.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient-cache</artifactId> <version>4.5.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpmime</artifactId> <version>4.5.2</version> </dependency>
java工具类
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils; import org.apache.http.Consts; import org.apache.http.HttpResponse; import org.apache.http.NameValuePair; import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost; import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager; import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; import org.slf4j.Logger; import java.net.URI; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; /** * HttpClient 工具类 */ @Slf4j public class HttpClientUtil { public static final String APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE = "application/json"; private static final Logger logger = log; private static final Integer CONN_TIME_OUT = 3000;// 超时时间豪秒 private static final Integer SOCKET_TIME_OUT = 10000; /** 每个路由的最大请求数,默认2 */ private static final Integer DEFAULT_MAX_PER_ROUTE = 40; /** 最大连接数,默认20 */ private static final Integer MAX_TOTAL = 400; private static HttpClient httpClient; static { // 请求配置 RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom() .setConnectTimeout(CONN_TIME_OUT) .setConnectionRequestTimeout(CONN_TIME_OUT) .setSocketTimeout(SOCKET_TIME_OUT) .build(); // 管理 http连接池 PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(); cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(DEFAULT_MAX_PER_ROUTE); cm.setMaxTotal(MAX_TOTAL); httpClient = HttpClients.custom() .setConnectionManager(cm) .setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig) .build(); } /** * Get请求 */ public static String requestGet(String url, Map<String, String> paramsMap) throws Exception { logger.info("GET request url:{} params:{}", url, paramsMap); Long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); List<NameValuePair> params = initParams(paramsMap); // Get请求 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); try { // 设置参数 String str = EntityUtils.toString(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); String uriStr = StringUtils.isEmpty(str) ? httpGet.getURI().toString() : httpGet.getURI().toString() + "?" + str; httpGet.setURI(new URI(uriStr)); // 发送请求 HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet); logger.info("GET request url:{} response:{} time:{}", url, response, System.currentTimeMillis() - start); // 获取返回数据 return getSuccessRetFromResp(response, url, JSON.toJSONString(paramsMap)); } finally { // 必须释放连接,不然连接用完后会阻塞 httpGet.releaseConnection(); } } /** * Post请求,Map格式数据 */ public static String requestPost(String url, Map<String, String> paramsMap) throws Exception { logger.info("POST request url:{} params:{}", url, paramsMap); Long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); List<NameValuePair> params = initParams(paramsMap); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); try { httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, Consts.UTF_8)); HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost); logger.info("POST request url:{} response:{} time:{}", url, response, System.currentTimeMillis() - start); String retStr = getSuccessRetFromResp(response, url, JSON.toJSONString(paramsMap)); return retStr; } finally { httpPost.releaseConnection(); } } /** * Post请求,json格式数据 * */ public static String requestPostJsonStr(String url, String json) throws Exception { logger.info("POST request url:{} params:{}", url, json); long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); try { StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(json, Consts.UTF_8); entity.setContentType(APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE); httpPost.setEntity(entity); HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost); logger.info("POST request url:{} response:{} time:{}", url, response, System.currentTimeMillis() - start); return getSuccessRetFromResp(response, url, json); } finally { // 资源释放 httpPost.releaseConnection(); } } /** * post Object格式数据 */ public static String requestPostJson(String url, Object obj) throws Exception { String params = JSON.toJSONString(obj); return requestPostJsonStr(url, params); } private static String getSuccessRetFromResp(HttpResponse response, String url, String params) throws Exception { String retStr = ""; // 检验状态码,如果成功接收数据 int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); if (code == 200) { retStr = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), Consts.UTF_8); } else { throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Http request error:%s, url:%s, params:%s", response, url, params)); } logger.info("Http request retStr:{}. url:{}", retStr, url); return retStr; } private static List<NameValuePair> initParams(Map<String, String> paramsMap) { List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); if (paramsMap == null) return params; for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : paramsMap.entrySet()) { params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue())); } return params; } }
以上がJava サービス RestTemplate および HttpClient の使用方法の詳細内容です。詳細については、PHP 中国語 Web サイトの他の関連記事を参照してください。