介绍利用keepalived构建高可用MySQL-HA，保证两台MySQL数据的一致性，然后用keepalived实现虚拟IP，通过keepalived自带的服务监控功能来实现MySQL故障时自动切换。
AD：
关于MySQL-HA，目前有多种解决方案，比如heartbeat、drbd、mmm、共享存储，但是它们各有优缺点。heartbeat、drbd配置较为复杂，需要自己写脚本才能实现MySQL自动切换，对于不会脚本语言的人来说，这无疑是一种脑裂问题；对于mmm，生产环境中很少有人用，且mmm 管理端需要单独运行一台服务器上，要是想实现高可用，就得对mmm管理端做HA，这样无疑又增加了硬件开支；对于共享存储，个人觉得MySQL数据还是放在本地较为安全，存储设备毕竟存在单点隐患。使用MySQL双master+keepalived是一种非常好的解决方案，在MySQL-HA环境中，MySQL互为主从关系，这样就保证了两台MySQL数据的一致性，然后用keepalived实现虚拟IP，通过keepalived自带的服务监控功能来实现MySQL故障时自动切换。
下面，我把即将上线的一个生产环境中的架构与大家分享一下，看一下这个架构中，MySQL-HA是如何实现的，环境拓扑如下
MySQL-VIP：192.168.1.90
MySQL-master1：192.168.1.91
MySQL-master2：192.168.1.92
OS版本：CentOS 5.4
MySQL版本：5.0.89
Keepalived版本：1.1.20
一、MySQL master-master配置
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.0.77 Source distribution Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' toclear the buffer. mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TOroot@'%'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> use mysql; Reading table information for completion oftable and column names You can turn off this feature to get aquicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> update user setPassword=password('bee') where user='root'; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 4 Changed: 4 Warnings: 0 mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB |Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | MySQL-bin.000001 | 328 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
1、修改MySQL配置文件
[mysqld] log-bin=MySQL-bin datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock user=mysql server-id = 2 replicate-same-server-id = 0 auto-increment-increment = 2 auto-increment-offset = 2 replicate-ignore-db=test replicate-ignore-db=mysql slave-skip-errors=all # Default to using old password format forcompatibility with mysql 3.x # clients (those using the mysqlclient10compatibility package). old_passwords=1 # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended toprevent assorted security risks; # to do so, uncomment this line: # symbolic-links=0 [replication] master-host=192.168.1.91 master-user=replication master-password=replication master-port=3306 master-connect-retry=60 [mysqld_safe] log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
两台MySQL均如要开启binlog日志功能，开启方法：在MySQL配置文件[MySQLd]段中加上log-bin=MySQL-bin选项
两台MySQL的server-ID不能一样，默认情况下两台MySQL的serverID都是1，需将其中一台修改为2即可
2、将192.168.1.201设为192.168.1.202的主服务器
在192.168.1.201上新建授权用户
MySQL> grant replication slave on *.* to 'replication'@'%' identified by 'replication'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | MySQL-bin.000003 | 374 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在192.168.1.202上将192.168.1.201设为自己的主服务器
MySQL> change master to master_host='192.168.1.201',master_user='replication',master_password='replication',master_log_file='MySQL-bin.000003',master_log_pos=374; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) MySQL> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.1.201 Master_User: replication Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: MySQL-bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 374 Relay_Log_File: MySQL-master2-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 235 Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL-bin.000003 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 374 Relay_Log_Space: 235 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3、将192.168.1.202设为192.168.1.201的主服务器
在192.168.1.202上新建授权用户
MySQL> grant replication slave on *.* to 'replication'@'%' identified by 'replication'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ | MySQL-bin.000003 | 374 | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在192.168.1.201上，将192.168.1.202设为自己的主服务器
MySQL> change master to master_host='192.168.1.202',master_user='replication',master_password='replication',master_log_file='MySQL-bin.000003',master_log_pos=374; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) MySQL> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.1.202 Master_User: replication Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: MySQL-bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 374 Relay_Log_File: MySQL-master1-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 235 Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL-bin.000003 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 374 Relay_Log_Space: 235 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4、MySQL同步测试
如上述均正确配置，现在任何一台MySQL上更新数据都会同步到另一台MySQL，MySQL同步在此不再演示
二、keepalived安装及配置
1、192.168.1.201服务器上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
#tar zxvf keepalived-1.1.20.tar.gz #cd keepalived-1.1.20 #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686 #make && make install [root@master2 ~]#/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived -D [root@master2 ~]# ps -aux|grep keepalived Warning: bad syntax, perhaps a bogus '-'?See /usr/share/doc/procps-3.2.7/FAQ root 4101 0.3 0.1 35828 632 ? Ss 15:41 0:00/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived -D root 4102 0.7 0.4 39988 1620 ? S 15:41 0:00/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived -D root 4103 0.5 0.3 39988 1092 ? S 15:41 0:00/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived -D root 4106 0.0 0.2 61136 716 pts/0 R+ 15:41 0:00 grep keepalived
配置keepalived
ln -sv /usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-194.el5-x86_64//usr/src/linux
我们自己在新建一个配置文件，默认情况下keepalived启动时会去/etc/keepalived目录下找配置文件
#mkdir /etc/keepalived
#vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
luwenju@live.cn
}
notification_email_from luwenju@live.cn
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id MySQL-ha
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP #两台配置此处均是BACKUP
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100 #优先级，另一台改为90
advert_int 1
nopreempt #不抢占，只在优先级高的机器上设置即可，优先级低的机器不设置
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.1.200
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.1.200 3306 {
delay_loop 2 #每个2秒检查一次real_server状态
lb_algo wrr #LVS算法
lb_kind DR #LVS模式
persistence_timeout 60 #会话保持时间
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.1.201 3306 {
weight 3
notify_down /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh #检测到服务down后执行的脚本
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 10 #连接超时时间
nb_get_retry 3 #重连次数
delay_before_retry 3 #重连间隔时间
connect_port 3306 #健康检查端口
}
}编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
#vi /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh #!/bin/sh pkill keepalived #chmod +x /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh
注：此脚本是上面配置文件notify_down选项所用到的，keepalived使用notify_down选项来检查real_server的服务状态，当发现real_server服务故障时，便触发此脚本；我们可以看到，脚本就一个命令，通过pkillkeepalived强制杀死keepalived进程，从而实现了MySQL故障自动转移。另外，我们不用担心两个MySQL会同时提供数据更新操作，因为每台MySQL上的keepalived的配置里面只有本机MySQL的IP+VIP，而不是两台MySQL的IP+VIP
启动keepalived
#/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived –D
#ps -aux | grep keepalived
测试
找一台局域网PC，然后去ping MySQL的VIP，这时候MySQL的VIP是可以ping的通的
停止MySQL服务，看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
2、192.168.1.202上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
#tar zxvf keepalived-1.1.20.tar.gz #cd keepalived-1.1.20 #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686 #make && make install
配置keepalived
这台配置和上面基本一样，但有三个地方不同：优先级为90、无抢占设置、real_server为本机IP
#mkdir /etc/keepalived
#vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
luwenju@live.cn
}
notification_email_from luwenju@live.cn
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id MySQL-ha
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
priority 90
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.1.200
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.1.200 3306 {
delay_loop 2
lb_algo wrr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 60
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.1.202 3306 {
weight 3
notify_down /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 10
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
connect_port 3306
}
}编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
#vi /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh #!/bin/sh pkill keepalived #chmod +x /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh 启动keepalived #/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived –D #ps -aux | grep keepalived
测试
停止MySQL服务，看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
三、测试
MySQL远程登录测试
我们找一台安装有MySQL客户端的windows，然后登录VIP，看是否能登录，在登录之两台MySQL服务器都要授权允许从远程登录
MySQL> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
使用客户端登录VIP测试
C:\MySQL\bin>MySQL.exe -uroot -p123456 -h192.168.1.200 -P3306 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 224 Server version: 5.0.89-log Source distribution Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MySQL>
● keepalived故障转移测试
※在windows客户端一直去ping VIP，然后关闭192.168.1.201上的keepalived，正常情况下VIP就会切换到192.168.1.202上面去
※开启192.168.1.201上的keepalived，关闭192.168.1.202上的keepalived，看是否能自动切换，正常情况下VIP又会属于192.168.1.201
注：keepalived切换速度还是非常块的，整个切换过程只需1-3秒
● MySQL故障转移测试
※在192.168.1.201上关闭MySQL服务，看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.202上
※开启192.168.1.201上的MySQL和keepalived，然后关闭192.168.1.202上的MySQL，看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.201上
下面是用windows客户端连接的MySQL的VIP，在切换时我执行了一个MySQL查询命令，从执行show databases到显示出结果时间为3-5秒（大家可以看到上面有个错误提示，不过不用担心，因为我们的keepalived切换大概为3秒左右，这3秒左右VIP是谁都不属于的）
MySQL> show databases; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 592 Current database: *** NONE *** +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | MySQL | | test | +--------------------+
3 rows in set (9.01 sec)
后话：世间万事万物，都不具备绝对的完美，就像上面的MySQL-HA一样，keepalived只能做到对3306的健康检查，但是做不到比如像MySQL复制中的slave-SQL、slave-IO进程的检查。所以要想做到一些细致的健康检查，还得需要借助额外的监控工具，比如nagios，然后用nagios实现短信、邮件报警，从而能够有效地解决问题。
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.*
-> TO 'repl'@'%.mydomain.com' IDENTIFIED BY 'slavepass';
如果你没有备份主服务器，这里是一个创建备份的快速程序。所有步骤都应该在主服务器主机上执行。
1. 发出该语句：
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK；
2. 仍然加锁时，执行该命令（或它的变体）：
shell> tar zcf /tmp/backup.tar.gz /var/lib/mysql
3. 发出该语句并且确保记录了以后用到的输出：
mysql>SHOW MASTER STATUS；
4. 释放锁：
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES；
一个可选择的方法是，转储主服务器的SQL来代替前面步骤中的二进制复制。要这样做，你可以在主服务器上使用mysqldump --master-data，以后装载SQL转储到到你的从服务器。
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