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Detailed explanation of the inside story of Java dynamic binding mechanism (picture)

黄舟
Release: 2017-03-20 10:27:30
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In the process of calling Java methods, how does the JVM know which class's method source code is being called? What's the inside story here? In this article, we will reveal the static (static binding) and dynamic binding mechanism (auto binding) of JVM method calls.

Static binding mechanism

//被调用的类
package hr.test;
class Father{
      public static void f1(){
              System.out.println("Father— f1()");
      }
}
//调用静态方法
import hr.test.Father;
public class StaticCall{
       public static void main(){
            Father.f1(); //调用静态方法
       }
}
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The statement (Father.f1()) in the above source code that executes the method call is compiled by the compiler into an instruction: invokestatic #13. Let’s take a look at how the JVM handles this instruction

(1) #13 in the instruction refers to the index entry of the 13th constant table in the constant pool of the StaticCall class (for details about the constant pool, see "Class File contents and constant pool 》). This constant table (CONSTATN_Methodref_info) records the symbolic reference of method f1 information (including the class name, method name and return type of f1). The JVM will first find the fully qualified name of the class where the method f1 is located based on this symbolic reference: hr.test.Father;

(2) Then the JVM will load, link and initialize the Father class;

(3) Then find the direct address of the f1() method in the method area where the Father class is located, and record this direct address into the constant table with index 13 in the constant pool of the StaticCall class. This process is called Constant pool parsing. When Father.f1() is called again in the future, the bytecode of the f1 method will be found directly;

(4) Completed the StaticCall class constant After the constant table of pool index item 13 is parsed, the JVM can call the f1() method and start interpreting and executing the instructions in the f1() method.

Through the above process, we found that after parsing the constant pool, the JVM can determine where the f1() method to be called is located in the memory. In fact, this information has been recorded in the constant pool of the StaticCall class during the compilation phase. This way of determining which method to call during the compilation phase is called static binding mechanism .

Except for static methods modified by static, all private methods modified by private and methods modified by final that are prohibited from being overridden by subclasses will be compiled into invokestatic instructions. In addition, the initialization methods and of all classes will be compiled into invokespecial instructions. The JVM will use a static binding mechanism to call these methods smoothly.

Dynamic binding mechanism

package hr.test;
//被调用的父类
class Father{
	public void f1(){
		System.out.println("father-f1()");
	}
        public void f1(int i){
                System.out.println("father-f1()  para-int "+i);
        }
}
//被调用的子类
class Son extends Father{
	public void f1(){ //覆盖父类的方法
		System.out.println("Son-f1()");
	}
        public void f1(char c){
                System.out.println("Son-s1() para-char "+c);
        }
}

//调用方法
import hr.test.*;
public class AutoCall{
	public static void main(String[] args){
		Father father=new Son(); //多态
		father.f1(); //打印结果: Son-f1()
	}
}
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There are three important concepts in the above source code: Polymorphism (polymorphism) , method Override, Method overloading . The printed results are relatively clear to everyone, but how does the JVM know that f.f1() calls the method in the subclass Sun instead of the method in Father? Before explaining this problem, let us first briefly talk about a very important data structure managed by the JVM - Method table .

When the JVM loads a class, it will store a lot of information for this class in the method area (see "Java Virtual Machine Architecture" for details) 》). There is a data structure called a method table. It records the direct address in memory of the visible method bytecode of the current class and all its superclasses in the form of an array . The following figure is the method table of the Father and Sun classes in the method area in the source code above:

The method table in the above figure has two characteristics: (1) Subclass The method table inherits the methods of the parent class, such as Father extends Object. (2) The same method (same method signature: method name and parameter list) has the same index in the method table of all classes. For example, f1() in the Father method table and f1() in the Son method table are both located in the 11th item of their respective method tables.

For the above source code, the compiler will first compile the main method into the following bytecode instructions:

0  new hr.test.Son [13] //在堆中开辟一个Son对象的内存空间,并将对象引用压入操作数栈
3  dup  
4  invokespecial #7 [15] // 调用初始化方法来初始化堆中的Son对象 
7  astore_1 //弹出操作数栈的Son对象引用压入局部变量1中
8  aload_1 //取出局部变量1中的对象引用压入操作数栈
9  invokevirtual #15 //调用f1()方法
12  return
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The detailed calling process of the invokevirtual instruction is as follows:

(1) #15 in the invokevirtual instruction refers to the index item of the 15th constant table in the constant pool of the AutoCall class. This constant table (CONSTATN_Methodref_info) records the symbolic reference of method f1 information (including the class name, method name and return type of f1). The JVM will first find the fully qualified name of the class that calls method f1 based on this symbolic reference: hr.test.Father. This is because the object father of the class calling method f1 is declared as Father type.

(2) 在Father类型的方法表中查找方法f1,如果找到,则将方法f1在方法表中的索引项11(如上图)记录到AutoCall类的常量池中第15个常量表中(常量池解析 )。这里有一点要注意:如果Father类型方法表中没有方法f1,那么即使Son类型中方法表有,编译的时候也通过不了。因为调用方法f1的类的对象father的声明为Father类型。

(3) 在调用invokevirtual指令前有一个aload_1指令,它会将开始创建在堆中的Son对象的引用压入操作数栈。然后invokevirtual指令会根据这个Son对象的引用首先找到堆中的Son对象,然后进一步找到Son对象所属类型的方法表。过程如下图所示:

(4) 这是通过第(2)步中解析完成的#15常量表中的方法表的索引项11,可以定位到Son类型方法表中的方法f1(),然后通过直接地址找到该方法字节码所在的内存空间。

很明显,根据对象(father)的声明类型(Father)还不能够确定调用方法f1的位置,必须根据father在堆中实际创建的对象类型Son来确定f1方法所在的位置。这种在程序运行过程中,通过动态创建的对象的方法表来定位方法的方式,我们叫做 动态绑定机制

上面的过程很清楚的反映出在方法覆盖的多态调用的情况下,JVM是如何定位到准确的方法的。但是下面的调用方法JVM是如何定位的呢?(仍然使用上面代码中的Father和Son类型)

public class AutoCall{
       public static void main(String[] args){
             Father father=new Son();
             char c='a';
             father.f1(c); //打印结果:father-f1()  para-int 97
       }
}
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问题是Fahter类型中并没有方法签名为f1(char)的方法呀。但打印结果显示JVM调用了Father类型中的f1(int)方法,并没有调用到Son类型中的f1(char)方法。

根据上面详细阐述的调用过程,首先可以明确的是:JVM首先是根据对象father声明的类型Father来解析常量池的(也就是用Father方法表中的索引项来代替常量池中的符号引用)。如果Father中没有匹配到”合适” 的方法,就无法进行常量池解析,这在编译阶段就通过不了。

那么什么叫”合适”的方法呢?当然,方法签名完全一样的方法自然是合适的。但是如果方法中的参数类型在声明的类型中并不能找到呢?比如上面的代码中调用father.f1(char),Father类型并没有f1(char)的方法签名。实际上,JVM会找到一种“凑合”的办法,就是通过 参数的自动转型 来找 到“合适”的 方法。比如char可以通过自动转型成int,那么Father类中就可以匹配到这个方法了 (关于Java的自动转型问题可以参见《【解惑】Java类型间的转型》)。但是还有一个问题,如果通过自动转型发现可以“凑合”出两个方法的话怎么办?比如下面的代码:

class Father{
	public void f1(Object o){
		System.out.println("Object");
	}
	public void f1(double[] d){
		System.out.println("double[]");
	}

}
public class Demo{
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		new Father().f1(null); //打印结果: double[]
	}
}
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null可以引用于任何的引用类型,那么JVM如何确定“合适”的方法呢。一个很重要的标准就是:如果一个方法可以接受传递给另一个方法的任何参数,那么第一个方法就相对不合适。比如上面的代码: 任何传递给f1(double[])方法的参数都可以传递给f1(Object)方法,而反之却不行,那么f1(double[])方法就更合适。因此JVM就会调用这个更合适的方法。

总结

(1) 所有私有方法、静态方法、构造器及初始化方法都是采用静态绑定机制。在编译器阶段就已经指明了调用方法在常量池中的符号引用,JVM运行的时候只需要进行一次常量池解析即可。

(2) 类对象方法的调用必须在运行过程中采用动态绑定机制。

首先,根据对象的声明类型(对象引用的类型)找到“合适”的方法。具体步骤如下:

① 如果能在声明类型中匹配到方法签名完全一样(参数类型一致)的方法,那么这个方法是最合适的。

② 在第①条不能满足的情况下,寻找可以“凑合”的方法。标准就是通过将参数类型进行自动转型之后再进行匹配。如果匹配到多个自动转型后的方法签名f(A)和f(B),则用下面的标准来确定合适的方法:传递给f(A)方法的参数都可以传递给f(B),则f(A)最合适。反之f(B)最合适 。

③ 如果仍然在声明类型中找不到“合适”的方法,则编译阶段就无法通过。

然后,根据在堆中创建对象的实际类型找到对应的方法表,从中确定具体的方法在内存中的位置。

覆写(override)

一个实例方法可以覆写(override)在其超类中可访问到的具有相同签名的所有实例方法,从而使能了动态分派(dynamic dispatch);换句话说,VM将基于实例的运行期类型来选择要调用的覆写方法。覆写是面向对象编程技术的基础,并且是唯一没有被普遍劝阻的名字重用形式:

class Base{
      public void f(){}
}
class Derived extends Base{
      public void f(){}
}
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隐藏(hide)

一个域、静态方法或成员类型可以分别隐藏(hide)在其超类中可访问到的具有相同名字(对方法而言就是相同的方法签名)的所有域、静态方法或成员类型。隐藏一个成员将阻止其被继承。

class Base{
      public static void f(){}
}
class Derived extends Base  {
      private static void f(){}   //hides Base. f()
}
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重载(overload)

在某个类中的方法可以重载(overload)另一个方法,只要它们具有相同的名字和不同的签名。由调用所指定的重载方法是在编译期选定的。

class CircuitBreaker{
      public void f (int i){}    //int overloading
      public void f(String s){}   //String overloading
}
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遮蔽(shadow)

一个变量、方法或类型可以分别遮蔽(shadow)在一个闭合的文本范围内的具有相同名字的所有变量、方法或类型。如果一个实体被遮蔽了,那么你用它的简单名是无法引用到它的;根据实体的不同,有时你根本就无法引用到它。

class WhoKnows{
    static String sentence=”I don't know.”;
    public static void main(String[] args〕{
           String sentence=”I don't know.”;  //shadows static field
           System.out. println (sentence);  // prints local variable
    }
}
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尽管遮蔽通常是被劝阻的,但是有一种通用的惯用法确实涉及遮蔽。构造器经常将来自其所在类的某个域名重用为一个参数,以传递这个命名域的值。这种惯用法并不是没有风险,但是大多数Java程序员都认为这种风格带来的实惠要超过
其风险:

class Belt{
      private find int size ;  //Parameter shadows Belt. size
      public Belt (int size){
           this. size=size;
      }
}
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遮掩(obscure)

一个变量可以遮掩具有相同名字的一个类型,只要它们都在同一个范围内:如果这个名字被用于变量与类型都被许可的范围,那么它将引用到变量上。相似地,一个变量或一个类型可以遮掩一个包。遮掩是唯一一种两个名字位于不同的名字空间的名字重用形式,这些名字空间包括:变量、包、方法或类型。如果一个类型或一个包被遮掩了,那么你不能通过其简单名引用到它,除非是在这样一个上下文环境中,即语法只允许在其名字空间中出现一种名字。遵守命名习惯就可以极大地消除产生遮掩的可能性:

public class Obscure{
      static String System;// Obscures type java.lang.System
      public static void main(String[] args)
            // Next line won't compile:System refers to static field
            System. out. println(“hello, obscure world!”);
      }
}
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