모든 언어는 문자와 뗄래야 뗄 수 없는 관계로, 특히 스크립트 언어에서는 문자의 연산을 수반하게 되며, 프로덕션 환경이든 면접 시험이든 문자열의 연산을 마주해야 합니다.
"""A collection of string operations (most are no longer used).
Warning: most of the code you see here isn't normally used nowadays.
Beginning with Python 1.6, many of these functions are implemented as
methods on the standard string object. They used to be implemented by
a built-in module called strop, but strop is now obsolete itself.
Public module variables:
whitespace -- a string containing all characters considered whitespace
lowercase -- a string containing all characters considered lowercase letters
uppercase -- a string containing all characters considered uppercase letters
letters -- a string containing all characters considered letters
digits -- a string containing all characters considered decimal digits
hexdigits -- a string containing all characters considered hexadecimal digits
octdigits -- a string containing all characters considered octal digits
punctuation -- a string containing all characters considered punctuation
printable -- a string containing all characters considered printable
"""
# Some strings for ctype-style character classification
whitespace = ' tnrvf'
lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
letters = lowercase + uppercase
ascii_lowercase = lowercase
ascii_uppercase = uppercase
ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase
digits = '0123456789'
hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'
octdigits = '01234567'
punctuation = """!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[]^_`{|}~"""
printable = digits + letters + punctuation + whitespace
# Case conversion helpers
# Use str to convert Unicode literal in case of -U
l = map(chr, xrange(256))
_idmap = str('').join(l)
del l
# Functions which aren't available as string methods.
# Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc dEf " -> "Abc Def".
def capwords(s, sep=None):
"""capwords(s [,sep]) -> string
Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each
word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using
join. If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,
runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space
and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise
sep is used to split and join the words.
"""
return (sep or ' ').join(x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep))
# Construct a translation string
_idmapL = None
def maketrans(fromstr, tostr):
"""maketrans(frm, to) -> string
Return a translation table (a string of 256 bytes long)
suitable for use in string.translate. The strings frm and to
must be of the same length.
"""
if len(fromstr) != len(tostr):
raise ValueError, "maketrans arguments must have same length"
global _idmapL
if not _idmapL:
_idmapL = list(_idmap)
L = _idmapL[:]
fromstr = map(ord, fromstr)
for i in range(len(fromstr)):
L[fromstr[i]] = tostr[i]
return ''.join(L)
####################################################################
import re as _re
class _multimap:
"""Helper class for combining multiple mappings.
Used by .{safe_,}substitute() to combine the mapping and keyword
arguments.
"""
def __init__(self, primary, secondary):
self._primary = primary
self._secondary = secondary
def __getitem__(self, key):
try:
return self._primary[key]
except KeyError:
return self._secondary[key]
class _TemplateMetaclass(type):
pattern = r"""
%(delim)s(?:
(?P<escaped>%(delim)s) | # Escape sequence of two delimiters
(?P<named>%(id)s) | # delimiter and a Python identifier
{(?P<braced>%(id)s)} | # delimiter and a braced identifier
(?P<invalid>) # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs
)
"""
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
super(_TemplateMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
if 'pattern' in dct:
pattern = cls.pattern
else:
pattern = _TemplateMetaclass.pattern % {
'delim' : _re.escape(cls.delimiter),
'id' : cls.idpattern,
}
cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, _re.IGNORECASE | _re.VERBOSE)
class Template:
"""A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""
__metaclass__ = _TemplateMetaclass
delimiter = '$'
idpattern = r'[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*'
def __init__(self, template):
self.template = template
# Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s
def _invalid(self, mo):
i = mo.start('invalid')
lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(True)
if not lines:
colno = 1
lineno = 1
else:
colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))
lineno = len(lines)
raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %
(lineno, colno))
def substitute(self, *args, **kws):
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
if not args:
mapping = kws
elif kws:
mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
else:
mapping = args[0]
# Helper function for .sub()
def convert(mo):
# Check the most common path first.
named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
if named is not None:
val = mapping[named]
# We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter will
# fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII characters.
return '%s' % (val,)
if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
return self.delimiter
if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
self._invalid(mo)
raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
self.pattern)
return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
def safe_substitute(self, *args, **kws):
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
if not args:
mapping = kws
elif kws:
mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
else:
mapping = args[0]
# Helper function for .sub()
def convert(mo):
named = mo.group('named')
if named is not None:
try:
# We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter
# will fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII
return '%s' % (mapping[named],)
except KeyError:
return self.delimiter + named
braced = mo.group('braced')
if braced is not None:
try:
return '%s' % (mapping[braced],)
except KeyError:
return self.delimiter + '{' + braced + '}'
if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
return self.delimiter
if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
return self.delimiter
raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
self.pattern)
return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
####################################################################
# NOTE: Everything below here is deprecated. Use string methods instead.
# This stuff will go away in Python 3.0.
# Backward compatible names for exceptions
index_error = ValueError
atoi_error = ValueError
atof_error = ValueError
atol_error = ValueError
# convert UPPER CASE letters to lower case
def lower(s):
"""lower(s) -> string
Return a copy of the string s converted to lowercase.
"""
return s.lower()
# Convert lower case letters to UPPER CASE
def upper(s):
"""upper(s) -> string
Return a copy of the string s converted to uppercase.
"""
return s.upper()
# Swap lower case letters and UPPER CASE
def swapcase(s):
"""swapcase(s) -> string
Return a copy of the string s with upper case characters
converted to lowercase and vice versa.
"""
return s.swapcase()
# Strip leading and trailing tabs and spaces
def strip(s, chars=None):
"""strip(s [,chars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string s with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping.
"""
return s.strip(chars)
# Strip leading tabs and spaces
def lstrip(s, chars=None):
"""lstrip(s [,chars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string s with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
"""
return s.lstrip(chars)
# Strip trailing tabs and spaces
def rstrip(s, chars=None):
"""rstrip(s [,chars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string s with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
"""
return s.rstrip(chars)
# Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words
def split(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
"""split(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, splits at no more than
maxsplit places (resulting in at most maxsplit+1 words). If sep
is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.
(split and splitfields are synonymous)
"""
return s.split(sep, maxsplit)
splitfields = split
# Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words
def rsplit(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
"""rsplit(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
is a separator.
"""
return s.rsplit(sep, maxsplit)
# Join fields with optional separator
def join(words, sep = ' '):
"""join(list [,sep]) -> string
Return a string composed of the words in list, with
intervening occurrences of sep. The default separator is a
single space.
(joinfields and join are synonymous)
"""
return sep.join(words)
joinfields = join
# Find substring, raise exception if not found
def index(s, *args):
"""index(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like find but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return s.index(*args)
# Find last substring, raise exception if not found
def rindex(s, *args):
"""rindex(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like rfind but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return s.rindex(*args)
# Count non-overlapping occurrences of substring
def count(s, *args):
"""count(s, sub[, start[,end]]) -> int
Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string
s[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
interpreted as in slice notation.
"""
return s.count(*args)
# Find substring, return -1 if not found
def find(s, *args):
"""find(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> in
Return the lowest index in s where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return s.find(*args)
# Find last substring, return -1 if not found
def rfind(s, *args):
"""rfind(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in s where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return s.rfind(*args)
# for a bit of speed
_float = float
_int = int
_long = long
# Convert string to float
def atof(s):
"""atof(s) -> float
Return the floating point number represented by the string s.
"""
return _float(s)
# Convert string to integer
def atoi(s , base=10):
"""atoi(s [,base]) -> int
Return the integer represented by the string s in the given
base, which defaults to 10. The string s must consist of one
or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign. If base is 0, it
is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for octal, 0x or
0X for hexadecimal. If base is 16, a preceding 0x or 0X is
accepted.
"""
return _int(s, base)
# Convert string to long integer
def atol(s, base=10):
"""atol(s [,base]) -> long
Return the long integer represented by the string s in the
given base, which defaults to 10. The string s must consist
of one or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign. If base
is 0, it is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for
octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal. If base is 16, a preceding
0x or 0X is accepted. A trailing L or l is not accepted,
unless base is 0.
"""
return _long(s, base)
# Left-justify a string
def ljust(s, width, *args):
"""ljust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return a left-justified version of s, in a field of the
specified width, padded with spaces as needed. The string is
never truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
"""
return s.ljust(width, *args)
# Right-justify a string
def rjust(s, width, *args):
"""rjust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return a right-justified version of s, in a field of the
specified width, padded with spaces as needed. The string is
never truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
"""
return s.rjust(width, *args)
# Center a string
def center(s, width, *args):
"""center(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return a center version of s, in a field of the specified
width. padded with spaces as needed. The string is never
truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
"""
return s.center(width, *args)
# Zero-fill a number, e.g., (12, 3) --> '012' and (-3, 3) --> '-03'
# Decadent feature: the argument may be a string or a number
# (Use of this is deprecated; it should be a string as with ljust c.s.)
def zfill(x, width):
"""zfill(x, width) -> string
Pad a numeric string x with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string x is never truncated.
"""
if not isinstance(x, basestring):
x = repr(x)
return x.zfill(width)
# Expand tabs in a string.
# Doesn't take non-printing chars into account, but does understand n.
def expandtabs(s, tabsize=8):
"""expandtabs(s [,tabsize]) -> string
Return a copy of the string s with all tab characters replaced
by the appropriate number of spaces, depending on the current
column, and the tabsize (default 8).
"""
return s.expandtabs(tabsize)
# Character translation through look-up table.
def translate(s, table, deletions=""):
"""translate(s,table [,deletions]) -> string
Return a copy of the string s, where all characters occurring
in the optional argument deletions are removed, and the
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length 256. The
deletions argument is not allowed for Unicode strings.
"""
if deletions or table is None:
return s.translate(table, deletions)
else:
# Add s[:0] so that if s is Unicode and table is an 8-bit string,
# table is converted to Unicode. This means that table *cannot*
# be a dictionary -- for that feature, use u.translate() directly.
return s.translate(table + s[:0])
# Capitalize a string, e.g. "aBc dEf" -> "Abc def".
def capitalize(s):
"""capitalize(s) -> string
Return a copy of the string s with only its first character
capitalized.
"""
return s.capitalize()
# Substring replacement (global)
def replace(s, old, new, maxsplit=-1):
"""replace (str, old, new[, maxsplit]) -> string
Return a copy of string str with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxsplit is
given, only the first maxsplit occurrences are replaced.
"""
return s.replace(old, new, maxsplit)
# Try importing optional built-in module "strop" -- if it exists,
# it redefines some string operations that are 100-1000 times faster.
# It also defines values for whitespace, lowercase and uppercase
# that match <ctype.h>'s definitions.
try:
from strop import maketrans, lowercase, uppercase, whitespace
letters = lowercase + uppercase
except ImportError:
pass # Use the original versions
########################################################################
# the Formatter class
# see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class
# The hard parts are reused from the C implementation. They're exposed as "_"
# prefixed methods of str and unicode.
# The overall parser is implemented in str._formatter_parser.
# The field name parser is implemented in str._formatter_field_name_split
class Formatter(object):
def format(self, format_string, *args, **kwargs):
return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)
def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
used_args = set()
result = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
return result
def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth):
if recursion_depth < 0:
raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
result = []
for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in
self.parse(format_string):
# output the literal text
if literal_text:
result.append(literal_text)
# if there's a field, output it
if field_name is not None:
# this is some markup, find the object and do
# the formatting
# given the field_name, find the object it references
# and the argument it came from
obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
used_args.add(arg_used)
# do any conversion on the resulting object
obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)
# expand the format spec, if needed
format_spec = self._vformat(format_spec, args, kwargs,
used_args, recursion_depth-1)
# format the object and append to the result
result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))
return ''.join(result)
def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):
if isinstance(key, (int, long)):
return args[key]
else:
return kwargs[key]
def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):
pass
def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
return format(value, format_spec)
def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
# do any conversion on the resulting object
if conversion == 'r':
return repr(value)
elif conversion == 's':
return str(value)
elif conversion is None:
return value
raise ValueError("Unknown converion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))
# returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:
# (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)
# literal_text can be zero length
# field_name can be None, in which case there's no
# object to format and output
# if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted
# with format_spec and conversion and then used
def parse(self, format_string):
return format_string._formatter_parser()
# given a field_name, find the object it references.
# field_name: the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"
# or "lookup[3]"
# used_args: a set of which args have been used
# args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat
def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
first, rest = field_name._formatter_field_name_split()
obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)
# loop through the rest of the field_name, doing
# getattr or getitem as needed
for is_attr, i in rest:
if is_attr:
obj = getattr(obj, i)
else:
obj = obj[i]
return obj, first로그인 후 복사
위의 소개는 Python에서 문자열 모듈의 속성과 기능을 사용하는 방법은 모두 편집자가 공유한 내용입니다. 참고할 수 있기를 바라며, PHP 중국어 웹사이트도 지원해 주시길 바랍니다.
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