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SQLite - Perl
安装
SQLite3 可使用 Perl DBI 模块与 Perl 进行集成。Perl DBI 模块是 Perl 编程语言的数据库访问模块。它定义了一组提供标准数据库接口的方法、变量及规则。
下面显示了在 Linux/UNIX 机器上安装 DBI 模块的简单步骤：
$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz $ tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz $ cd DBI-1.625 $ perl Makefile.PL $ make $ make install
如果您需要为 DBI 安装 SQLite 驱动程序，那么可按照以下步骤进行安装：
$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz $ tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz $ cd DBD-SQLite-1.11 $ perl Makefile.PL $ make $ make install
DBI 接口 API
以下是重要的 DBI 程序，可以满足您在 Perl 程序中使用 SQLite 数据库的需求。如果您需要了解更多细节，请查看 Perl DBI 官方文档。
| 序号 | API & 描述 |
|---|---|
| 1 |
DBI->connect($data_source, "", "", \%attr) 建立一个到被请求的 $data_source 的数据库连接或者 session。如果连接成功，则返回一个数据库处理对象。 数据源形式如下所示：DBI:SQLite:dbname='test.db'。其中，SQLite 是 SQLite 驱动程序名称，test.db 是 SQLite 数据库文件的名称。如果文件名 filename 赋值为 ':memory:'，那么它将会在 RAM 中创建一个内存数据库，这只会在 session 的有效时间内持续。 如果文件名 filename 为实际的设备文件名称，那么它将使用这个参数值尝试打开数据库文件。如果该名称的文件不存在，那么将创建一个新的命名为该名称的数据库文件。 您可以保留第二个和第三个参数为空白字符串，最后一个参数用于传递各种属性，详见下面的实例讲解。 |
| 2 |
$dbh->do($sql) 该例程准备并执行一个简单的 SQL 语句。返回受影响的行数，如果发生错误则返回 undef。返回值 -1 意味着行数未知，或不适用 ，或不可用。在这里，$dbh 是由 DBI->connect() 调用返回的处理。 |
| 3 |
$dbh->prepare($sql) 该例程为数据库引擎后续执行准备一个语句，并返回一个语句处理对象。 |
| 4 |
$sth->execute() 该例程执行任何执行预准备的语句需要的处理。如果发生错误则返回 undef。如果成功执行，则无论受影响的行数是多少，总是返回 true。在这里，$sth 是由 $dbh->prepare($sql) 调用返回的语句处理。 |
| 5 |
$sth->fetchrow_array() 该例程获取下一行数据，并以包含各字段值的列表形式返回。在该列表中，Null 字段将作为 undef 值返回。 |
| 6 |
$DBI::err 这相当于 $h->err。其中，$h 是任何的处理类型，比如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。该程序返回最后调用的驱动程序（driver）方法的数据库引擎错误代码。 |
| 7 |
$DBI::errstr 这相当于 $h->errstr。其中，$h 是任何的处理类型，比如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。该程序返回最后调用的 DBI 方法的数据库引擎错误消息。 |
| 8 |
$dbh->disconnect() 该例程关闭之前调用 DBI->connect() 打开的数据库连接。 |
连接数据库
下面的 Perl 代码显示了如何连接到一个现有的数据库。如果数据库不存在，那么它就会被创建，最后将返回一个数据库对象。
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
现在，让我们来运行上面的程序，在当前目录中创建我们的数据库 test.db。您可以根据需要改变路径。保存上面代码到 sqlite.pl 文件中，并按如下所示执行。如果数据库成功创建，那么会显示下面所示的消息：
$ chmod +x sqlite.pl $ ./sqlite.pl Open database successfully
创建表
下面的 Perl 代码段将用于在先前创建的数据库中创建一个表：
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY
(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
NAME TEXT NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR(50),
SALARY REAL););
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt);
if($rv < 0){
print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
print "Table created successfully\n";
}
$dbh->disconnect();
上述程序执行时，它会在 test.db 中创建 COMPANY 表，并显示下面所示的消息：
Opened database successfully Table created successfully
注意：如果您在任何操作中遇到了下面的错误： in case you see following error in any of the operation:
DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398
在这种情况下，您已经在 DBD-SQLite 安装中打开了可用的 dbdimp.c 文件，找到 sqlite3_prepare() 函数，并把它的第三个参数 0 改为 -1。最后使用 make 和 make install 安装 DBD::SQLite，即可解决问题。 in this case you will have open dbdimp.c file available in DBD-SQLite installation and find out sqlite3_prepare() function and change its third argument to -1 instead of 0. Finally install DBD::SQLite using make and do make install to resolve the problem.
INSERT 操作
下面的 Perl 程序显示了如何在上面创建的 COMPANY 表中创建记录：
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ));
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ););
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Records created successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
上述程序执行时，它会在 COMPANY 表中创建给定记录，并会显示以下两行：
Opened database successfully Records created successfully
SELECT 操作
下面的 Perl 程序显示了如何从前面创建的 COMPANY 表中获取并显示记录：
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0){
print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
上述程序执行时，它会产生以下结果：
Opened database successfully ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 20000 ID = 2 NAME = Allen ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully
UPDATE 操作
下面的 Perl 代码显示了如何使用 UPDATE 语句来更新任何记录，然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示更新的记录：
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ){
print $DBI::errstr;
}else{
print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0){
print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
上述程序执行时，它会产生以下结果：
Opened database successfully Total number of rows updated : 1 ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000 ID = 2 NAME = Allen ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully
DELETE 操作
下面的 Perl 代码显示了如何使用 DELETE 语句删除任何记录，然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示剩余的记录：
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID=2;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ){
print $DBI::errstr;
}else{
print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0){
print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
上述程序执行时，它会产生以下结果：
Opened database successfully Total number of rows deleted : 1 ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully