前言
何为PostgreSQL？
PostgreSQL简史
格式约定
更多信息
臭虫汇报指导
I. 教程
章1. 从头开始
1.1. 安装
1.2. 体系基本概念
1.3. 创建一个数据库
1.4. 访问数据库
章2. SQL语言
2.1. 介绍
2.2. 概念
2.3. 创建新表
2.4. 向表中添加行
2.5. 查询一个表
2.6. 表间链接
2.7. 聚集函数
2.8. 更新
2.9. 删除
章3. 高级特性
3.1. 介绍
3.2. 视图
3.3. 外键
3.4. 事务
3.5. 窗口函数
3.6. 继承
3.7. 结论
II. SQL语言
章4. SQL语法
4.1. 词法结构
4.2. 值表达式
4.3. 调用函数
章5. 数据定义
5.1. 表的基本概念
5.2. 缺省值
5.3. 约束
5.4. 系统字段
5.5. 修改表
5.6. 权限
5.7. 模式
5.8. 继承
5.9. 分区
5.10. 其它数据库对象
5.11. 依赖性跟踪
章 6. 数据操作
6.1. 插入数据
6.2. 更新数据
6.3. 删除数据
章7. 查询
7.1. 概述
7.2. 表表达式
7.3. 选择列表
7.4. 组合查询
7.5. 行排序
7.6. LIMIT和OFFSET
7.7. VALUES列表
7.8. WITH的查询（公用表表达式）
章8. 数据类型
8.1. 数值类型
8.2. 货币类型
8.3. 字符类型
8.4. 二进制数据类型
8.5. 日期/时间类型
8.6. 布尔类型
8.7. 枚举类型
8.8. 几何类型
8.9. 网络地址类型
8.10. 位串类型
8.11. 文本搜索类型
8.12. UUID类型
8.13. XML类型
8.14. 数组
8.15. 复合类型
8.16. 对象标识符类型
8.17. 伪类型
章 9. 函数和操作符
9.1. 逻辑操作符
9.2. 比较操作符
9.3. 数学函数和操作符
9.4. 字符串函数和操作符
9.5. 二进制字符串函数和操作符
9.6. 位串函数和操作符
9.7. 模式匹配
9.8. 数据类型格式化函数
9.9. 时间/日期函数和操作符
9.10. 支持枚举函数
9.11. 几何函数和操作符
9.12. 网络地址函数和操作符
9.13. 文本检索函数和操作符
9.14. XML函数
9.15. 序列操作函数
9.16. 条件表达式
9.17. 数组函数和操作符
9.18. 聚合函数
9.19. 窗口函数
9.20. 子查询表达式
9.21. 行和数组比较
9.22. 返回集合的函数
9.23. 系统信息函数
9.24. 系统管理函数
9.25. 触发器函数
章10. 类型转换
10.3. 函数
10.2. 操作符
10.1. 概述
10.4. 值存储
10.5. UNION
章11. 索引
11.1. 介绍
11.2. 索引类型
11.3. 多字段索引
11.4. 索引和ORDER BY
11.5. 组合多个索引
11.6. 唯一索引
11.7. 表达式上的索引
11.8. 部分索引
11.9. 操作类和操作簇
11.10. 检查索引的使用
章12. Full Text Search
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Tables and Indexes
12.3. Controlling Text Search
12.4. Additional Features
12.5. Parsers
12.6. Dictionaries
12.7. Configuration Example
12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search
12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types
12.10. psql Support
12.11. Limitations
12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search
章13. 并发控制
13.1. 介绍
13.2. 事务隔离
13.3. 明确锁定
13.4. 应用层数据完整性检查
13.5. 锁和索引
章14. 性能提升技巧
14.1. 使用EXPLAIN
14.2. 规划器使用的统计信息
14.3. 用明确的JOIN语句控制规划器
14.4. 向数据库中添加记录
14.5. 非持久性设置
III. 服务器管理
章15. 安装指导
15.1. 简版
15.2. 要求
15.3. 获取源码
15.4. 升级
15.5. 安装过程
15.6. 安装后的设置
15.7. 支持的平台
15.8. 特殊平台的要求
章16. Installation from Source Code on Windows
16.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Platform SDK
16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++
章17. 服务器安装和操作
17.1. PostgreSQL用户帐户
17.2. 创建数据库集群
17.3. 启动数据库服务器
17.4. 管理内核资源
17.5. 关闭服务
17.6. 防止服务器欺骗
17.7. 加密选项
17.8. 用SSL进行安全的TCP/IP连接
17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
章18. 服务器配置
18.1. 设置参数
18.2. 文件位置
18.3. 连接和认证
18.4. 资源消耗
18.5. 预写式日志
18.6. 查询规划
18.7. 错误报告和日志
18.8. 运行时统计
18.9. 自动清理
18.10. 客户端连接缺省
18.12. 版本和平台兼容性
18.11. 锁管理
18.13. 预置选项
18.14. 自定义的选项
18.15. 开发人员选项
18.16. 短选项
章19. 用户认证
19.1. pg_hba.conf 文件
19.2. 用户名映射
19.3. 认证方法
19.4. 用户认证
章20. 数据库角色和权限
20.1. 数据库角色
20.2. 角色属性
20.3. 权限
20.4. 角色成员
20.5. 函数和触发器
章21. 管理数据库
21.1. 概述
21.2. 创建一个数据库
21.3. 临时库
21.4. 数据库配置
21.5. 删除数据库
21.6. 表空间
章22. 本土化
22.1. 区域支持
22.2. 字符集支持
章23. 日常数据库维护工作
23.1. Routine Vacuuming日常清理
23.2. 经常重建索引
23.3. 日志文件维护
章24. 备份和恢复
24.1. SQL转储
24.2. 文件系统级别的备份
24.3. 在线备份以及即时恢复(PITR)
24.4. 版本间迁移
章25. 高可用性与负载均衡，复制
25.1. 不同解决方案的比较
25.2. 日志传送备份服务器
25.3. 失效切换
25.4. 日志传送的替代方法
25.5. 热备
章26. 恢复配置
26.1. 归档恢复设置
26.2. 恢复目标设置
26.3. 备服务器设置
章27. 监控数据库的活动
27.1. 标准Unix工具
27.2. 统计收集器
27.3. 查看锁
27.4. 动态跟踪
章28. 监控磁盘使用情况
28.1. 判断磁盘的使用量
28.2. 磁盘满导致的失效
章29. 可靠性和预写式日志
29.1. 可靠性
29.2. 预写式日志(WAL)
29.3. 异步提交
29.4. WAL配置
29.5. WAL内部
章30. Regression Tests
30.1. Running the Tests
30.2. Test Evaluation
30.3. Variant Comparison Files
30.4. Test Coverage Examination
IV. 客户端接口
章31. libpq-C库
31.1. 数据库联接函数
31.2. 连接状态函数
31.3. 命令执行函数
31.4. 异步命令处理
31.5. 取消正在处理的查询
31.6. 捷径接口
31.7. 异步通知
31.8. 与COPY命令相关的函数
31.9. Control Functions 控制函数
31.10. 其他函数
31.11. 注意信息处理
31.12. 事件系统
31.13. 环境变量
31.14. 口令文件
31.15. 连接服务的文件
31.16. LDAP查找连接参数
31.17. SSL支持
31.18. 在多线程程序里的行为
31.19. 制作libpq程序
31.20. 例子程序
章32. 大对象
32.1. 介绍
32.2. 实现特点
32.3. 客户端接口
32.4. 服务器端函数
32.5. 例子程序
章33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
33.1. The Concept
33.2. Connecting to the Database Server
33.3. Closing a Connection
33.4. Running SQL Commands
33.5. Choosing a Connection
33.6. Using Host Variables
33.7. Dynamic SQL
33.8. pgtypes library
33.9. Using Descriptor Areas
33.10. Informix compatibility mode
33.11. Error Handling
33.12. Preprocessor directives
33.13. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
33.14. Library Functions
33.15. Internals
章34. 信息模式
34.1. 关于这个模式
34.2. 数据类型
34.3. information_schema_catalog_name
34.4. administrable_role_authorizations
34.5. applicable_roles
34.6. attributes
34.7. check_constraint_routine_usage
34.8. check_constraints
34.9. column_domain_usage
34.10. column_privileges
34.11. column_udt_usage
34.12. 字段
34.13. constraint_column_usage
34.14. constraint_table_usage
34.15. data_type_privileges
34.16. domain_constraints
34.18. domains
34.17. domain_udt_usage
34.19. element_types
34.20. enabled_roles
34.21. foreign_data_wrapper_options
34.22. foreign_data_wrappers
34.23. foreign_server_options
34.24. foreign_servers
34.25. key_column_usage
34.26. parameters
34.27. referential_constraints
34.28. role_column_grants
34.29. role_routine_grants
34.30. role_table_grants
34.31. role_usage_grants
34.32. routine_privileges
34.33. routines
34.34. schemata
34.35. sequences
34.36. sql_features
34.37. sql_implementation_info
34.38. sql_languages
34.39. sql_packages
34.40. sql_parts
34.41. sql_sizing
34.42. sql_sizing_profiles
34.43. table_constraints
34.44. table_privileges
34.45. tables
34.46. triggered_update_columns
34.47. 触发器
34.48. usage_privileges
34.49. user_mapping_options
34.50. user_mappings
34.51. view_column_usage
34.52. view_routine_usage
34.53. view_table_usage
34.54. 视图
V. 服务器端编程
章35. 扩展SQL
35.1. 扩展性是如何实现的
35.2. PostgreSQL类型系统
35.3. User-Defined Functions
35.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions
35.5. Function Overloading
35.6. Function Volatility Categories
35.7. Procedural Language Functions
35.8. Internal Functions
35.9. C-Language Functions
35.10. User-Defined Aggregates
35.11. User-Defined Types
35.12. User-Defined Operators
35.13. Operator Optimization Information
35.14. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes
35.15. 用C++扩展
章36. 触发器
36.1. 触发器行为概述
36.3. 用 C 写触发器
36.2. 数据改变的可视性
36.4. 一个完整的例子
章37. 规则系统
37.1. The Query Tree
37.2. 视图和规则系统
37.3. 在INSERT，UPDATE和DELETE上的规则
37.4. 规则和权限
37.5. 规则和命令状态
37.6. 规则与触发器得比较
章38. Procedural Languages
38.1. Installing Procedural Languages
章39. PL/pgSQL - SQL过程语言
39.1. 概述
39.2. PL/pgSQL的结构
39.3. 声明
39.4. 表达式
39.5. 基本语句
39.6. 控制结构
39.7. 游标
39.8. 错误和消息
39.9. 触发器过程
39.10. PL/pgSQL Under the Hood
39.11. 开发PL/pgSQL的一些提示
39.12. 从OraclePL/SQL 进行移植
章40. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
40.1. Overview
40.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments
40.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl
40.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl
40.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl
40.6. Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl
40.7. Modules and the unknown command
40.8. Tcl Procedure Names
章41. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
41.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments
41.2. Data Values in PL/Perl
41.3. Built-in Functions
41.4. Global Values in PL/Perl
41.6. PL/Perl Triggers
41.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
41.7. PL/Perl Under the Hood
章42. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language
42.1. Python 2 vs. Python 3
42.2. PL/Python Functions
42.3. Data Values
42.4. Sharing Data
42.5. Anonymous Code Blocks
42.6. Trigger Functions
42.7. Database Access
42.8. Utility Functions
42.9. Environment Variables
章43. Server Programming Interface
43.1. Interface Functions
Spi-spi-connect
Spi-spi-finish
Spi-spi-push
Spi-spi-pop
Spi-spi-execute
Spi-spi-exec
Spi-spi-execute-with-args
Spi-spi-prepare
Spi-spi-prepare-cursor
Spi-spi-prepare-params
Spi-spi-getargcount
Spi-spi-getargtypeid
Spi-spi-is-cursor-plan
Spi-spi-execute-plan
Spi-spi-execute-plan-with-paramlist
Spi-spi-execp
Spi-spi-cursor-open
Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-args
Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-paramlist
Spi-spi-cursor-find
Spi-spi-cursor-fetch
Spi-spi-cursor-move
Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-fetch
Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-move
Spi-spi-cursor-close
Spi-spi-saveplan
43.2. Interface Support Functions
Spi-spi-fname
Spi-spi-fnumber
Spi-spi-getvalue
Spi-spi-getbinval
Spi-spi-gettype
Spi-spi-gettypeid
Spi-spi-getrelname
Spi-spi-getnspname
43.3. Memory Management
Spi-spi-palloc
Spi-realloc
Spi-spi-pfree
Spi-spi-copytuple
Spi-spi-returntuple
Spi-spi-modifytuple
Spi-spi-freetuple
Spi-spi-freetupletable
Spi-spi-freeplan
43.4. Visibility of Data Changes
43.5. Examples
VI. 参考手册
I. SQL命令
Sql-abort
Sql-alteraggregate
Sql-alterconversion
Sql-alterdatabase
Sql-alterdefaultprivileges
Sql-alterdomain
Sql-alterforeigndatawrapper
Sql-alterfunction
Sql-altergroup
Sql-alterindex
Sql-alterlanguage
Sql-alterlargeobject
Sql-alteroperator
Sql-alteropclass
Sql-alteropfamily
Sql-alterrole
Sql-alterschema
Sql-altersequence
Sql-alterserver
Sql-altertable
Sql-altertablespace
Sql-altertsconfig
Sql-altertsdictionary
Sql-altertsparser
Sql-altertstemplate
Sql-altertrigger
Sql-altertype
Sql-alteruser
Sql-alterusermapping
Sql-alterview
Sql-analyze
Sql-begin
Sql-checkpoint
Sql-close
Sql-cluster
Sql-comment
Sql-commit
Sql-commit-prepared
Sql-copy
Sql-createaggregate
Sql-createcast
Sql-createconstraint
Sql-createconversion
Sql-createdatabase
Sql-createdomain
Sql-createforeigndatawrapper
Sql-createfunction
Sql-creategroup
Sql-createindex
Sql-createlanguage
Sql-createoperator
Sql-createopclass
Sql-createopfamily
Sql-createrole
Sql-createrule
Sql-createschema
Sql-createsequence
Sql-createserver
Sql-createtable
Sql-createtableas
Sql-createtablespace
Sql-createtsconfig
Sql-createtsdictionary
Sql-createtsparser
Sql-createtstemplate
Sql-createtrigger
Sql-createtype
Sql-createuser
Sql-createusermapping
Sql-createview
Sql-deallocate
Sql-declare
Sql-delete
Sql-discard
Sql-do
Sql-dropaggregate
Sql-dropcast
Sql-dropconversion
Sql-dropdatabase
Sql-dropdomain
Sql-dropforeigndatawrapper
Sql-dropfunction
Sql-dropgroup
Sql-dropindex
Sql-droplanguage
Sql-dropoperator
Sql-dropopclass
Sql-dropopfamily
Sql-drop-owned
Sql-droprole
Sql-droprule
Sql-dropschema
Sql-dropsequence
Sql-dropserver
Sql-droptable
Sql-droptablespace
Sql-droptsconfig
Sql-droptsdictionary
Sql-droptsparser
Sql-droptstemplate
Sql-droptrigger
Sql-droptype
Sql-dropuser
Sql-dropusermapping
Sql-dropview
Sql-end
Sql-execute
Sql-explain
Sql-fetch
Sql-grant
Sql-insert
Sql-listen
Sql-load
Sql-lock
Sql-move
Sql-notify
Sql-prepare
Sql-prepare-transaction
Sql-reassign-owned
Sql-reindex
Sql-release-savepoint
Sql-reset
Sql-revoke
Sql-rollback
Sql-rollback-prepared
Sql-rollback-to
Sql-savepoint
Sql-select
Sql-selectinto
Sql-set
Sql-set-constraints
Sql-set-role
Sql-set-session-authorization
Sql-set-transaction
Sql-show
Sql-start-transaction
Sql-truncate
Sql-unlisten
Sql-update
Sql-vacuum
Sql-values
II. 客户端应用程序
App-clusterdb
App-createdb
App-createlang
App-createuser
App-dropdb
App-droplang
App-dropuser
App-ecpg
App-pgconfig
App-pgdump
App-pg-dumpall
App-pgrestore
App-psql
App-reindexdb
App-vacuumdb
III. PostgreSQL服务器应用程序
App-initdb
App-pgcontroldata
App-pg-ctl
App-pgresetxlog
App-postgres
App-postmaster
VII. 内部
章44. PostgreSQL内部概览
44.1. 查询路径
44.2. 连接是如何建立起来的
44.3. 分析器阶段
44.4. ThePostgreSQL规则系统
44.5. 规划器/优化器
44.6. 执行器
章45. 系统表
45.1. 概述
45.2. pg_aggregate
45.3. pg_am
45.4. pg_amop
45.5. pg_amproc
45.6. pg_attrdef
45.7. pg_attribute
45.8. pg_authid
45.9. pg_auth_members
45.10. pg_cast
45.11. pg_class
45.12. pg_constraint
45.13. pg_conversion
45.14. pg_database
45.15. pg_db_role_setting
45.16. pg_default_acl
45.17. pg_depend
45.18. pg_description
45.19. pg_enum
45.20. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
45.21. pg_foreign_server
45.22. pg_index
45.23. pg_inherits
45.24. pg_language
45.25. pg_largeobject
45.26. pg_largeobject_metadata
45.27. pg_namespace
45.28. pg_opclass
45.29. pg_operator
45.30. pg_opfamily
45.31. pg_pltemplate
45.32. pg_proc
45.33. pg_rewrite
45.34. pg_shdepend
45.35. pg_shdescription
45.36. pg_statistic
45.37. pg_tablespace
45.38. pg_trigger
45.39. pg_ts_config
45.40. pg_ts_config_map
45.41. pg_ts_dict
45.42. pg_ts_parser
45.43. pg_ts_template
45.44. pg_type
45.45. pg_user_mapping
45.46. System Views
45.47. pg_cursors
45.48. pg_group
45.49. pg_indexes
45.50. pg_locks
45.51. pg_prepared_statements
45.52. pg_prepared_xacts
45.53. pg_roles
45.54. pg_rules
45.55. pg_settings
45.56. pg_shadow
45.57. pg_stats
45.58. pg_tables
45.59. pg_timezone_abbrevs
45.60. pg_timezone_names
45.61. pg_user
45.62. pg_user_mappings
45.63. pg_views
章46. Frontend/Backend Protocol
46.1. Overview
46.2. Message Flow
46.3. Streaming Replication Protocol
46.4. Message Data Types
46.5. Message Formats
46.6. Error and Notice Message Fields
46.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
47. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
47.1. Formatting
47.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
47.3. Error Message Style Guide
章48. Native Language Support
48.1. For the Translator
48.2. For the Programmer
章49. Writing A Procedural Language Handler
章50. Genetic Query Optimizer
50.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
50.2. Genetic Algorithms
50.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
50.4. Further Reading
章51. 索引访问方法接口定义
51.1. 索引的系统表记录
51.2. 索引访问方法函数
51.3. 索引扫描
51.4. 索引锁的考量
51.5. 索引唯一性检查
51.6. 索引开销估计函数
章52. GiST Indexes
52.1. Introduction
52.2. Extensibility
52.3. Implementation
52.4. Examples
52.5. Crash Recovery
章53. GIN Indexes
53.1. Introduction
53.2. Extensibility
53.3. Implementation
53.4. GIN tips and tricks
53.5. Limitations
53.6. Examples
章54. 数据库物理存储
54.1. 数据库文件布局
54.2. TOAST
54.3. 自由空间映射
54.4. 可见映射
54.5. 数据库分页文件
章55. BKI后端接口
55.1. BKI 文件格式
55.2. BKI命令
55.3. 系统初始化的BKI文件的结构
55.4. 例子
章56. 规划器如何使用统计信息
56.1. 行预期的例子
VIII. 附录
A. PostgreSQL错误代码
B. 日期/时间支持
B.1. 日期/时间输入解析
B.2. 日期/时间关键字
B.3. 日期/时间配置文件
B.4. 日期单位的历史
C. SQL关键字
D. SQL Conformance
D.1. Supported Features
D.2. Unsupported Features
E. Release Notes
Release-0-01
Release-0-02
Release-0-03
Release-1-0
Release-1-01
Release-1-02
Release-1-09
Release-6-0
Release-6-1
Release-6-1-1
Release-6-2
Release-6-2-1
Release-6-3
Release-6-3-1
Release-6-3-2
Release-6-4
Release-6-4-1
Release-6-4-2
Release-6-5
Release-6-5-1
Release-6-5-2
Release-6-5-3
Release-7-0
Release-7-0-1
Release-7-0-2
Release-7-0-3
Release-7-1
Release-7-1-1
Release-7-1-2
Release-7-1-3
Release-7-2
Release-7-2-1
Release-7-2-2
Release-7-2-3
Release-7-2-4
Release-7-2-5
Release-7-2-6
Release-7-2-7
Release-7-2-8
Release-7-3
Release-7-3-1
Release-7-3-10
Release-7-3-11
Release-7-3-12
Release-7-3-13
Release-7-3-14
Release-7-3-15
Release-7-3-16
Release-7-3-17
Release-7-3-18
Release-7-3-19
Release-7-3-2
Release-7-3-20
Release-7-3-21
Release-7-3-3
Release-7-3-4
Release-7-3-5
Release-7-3-6
Release-7-3-7
Release-7-3-8
Release-7-3-9
Release-7-4
Release-7-4-1
Release-7-4-10
Release-7-4-11
Release-7-4-12
Release-7-4-13
Release-7-4-14
Release-7-4-15
Release-7-4-16
Release-7-4-17
Release-7-4-18
Release-7-4-19
Release-7-4-2
Release-7-4-20
Release-7-4-21
Release-7-4-22
Release-7-4-23
Release-7-4-24
Release-7-4-25
Release-7-4-26
Release-7-4-27
Release-7-4-28
Release-7-4-29
Release-7-4-3
Release-7-4-30
Release-7-4-4
Release-7-4-5
Release-7-4-6
Release-7-4-7
Release-7-4-8
Release-7-4-9
Release-8-0
Release-8-0-1
Release-8-0-10
Release-8-0-11
Release-8-0-12
Release-8-0-13
Release-8-0-14
Release-8-0-15
Release-8-0-16
Release-8-0-17
Release-8-0-18
Release-8-0-19
Release-8-0-2
Release-8-0-20
Release-8-0-21
Release-8-0-22
Release-8-0-23
Release-8-0-24
Release-8-0-25
Release-8-0-26
Release-8-0-3
Release-8-0-4
Release-8-0-5
Release-8-0-6
Release-8-0-7
Release-8-0-8
Release-8-0-9
Release-8-1
Release-8-1-1
Release-8-1-10
Release-8-1-11
Release-8-1-12
Release-8-1-13
Release-8-1-14
Release-8-1-15
Release-8-1-16
Release-8-1-17
Release-8-1-18
Release-8-1-19
Release-8-1-2
Release-8-1-20
Release-8-1-21
Release-8-1-22
Release-8-1-23
Release-8-1-3
Release-8-1-4
Release-8-1-5
Release-8-1-6
Release-8-1-7
Release-8-1-8
Release-8-1-9
Release-8-2
Release-8-2-1
Release-8-2-10
Release-8-2-11
Release-8-2-12
Release-8-2-13
Release-8-2-14
Release-8-2-15
Release-8-2-16
Release-8-2-17
Release-8-2-18
Release-8-2-19
Release-8-2-2
Release-8-2-20
Release-8-2-21
Release-8-2-3
Release-8-2-4
Release-8-2-5
Release-8-2-6
Release-8-2-7
Release-8-2-8
Release-8-2-9
Release-8-3
Release-8-3-1
Release-8-3-10
Release-8-3-11
Release-8-3-12
Release-8-3-13
Release-8-3-14
Release-8-3-15
Release-8-3-2
Release-8-3-3
Release-8-3-4
Release-8-3-5
Release-8-3-6
Release-8-3-7
Release-8-3-8
Release-8-3-9
Release-8-4
Release-8-4-1
Release-8-4-2
Release-8-4-3
Release-8-4-4
Release-8-4-5
Release-8-4-6
Release-8-4-7
Release-8-4-8
Release-9-0
Release-9-0-1
Release-9-0-2
Release-9-0-3
Release-9-0-4
F. 额外提供的模块
F.1. adminpack
F.2. auto_explain
F.3. btree_gin
F.4. btree_gist
F.5. chkpass
F.6. citext
F.7. cube
F.8. dblink
Contrib-dblink-connect
Contrib-dblink-connect-u
Contrib-dblink-disconnect
Contrib-dblink
Contrib-dblink-exec
Contrib-dblink-open
Contrib-dblink-fetch
Contrib-dblink-close
Contrib-dblink-get-connections
Contrib-dblink-error-message
Contrib-dblink-send-query
Contrib-dblink-is-busy
Contrib-dblink-get-notify
Contrib-dblink-get-result
Contrib-dblink-cancel-query
Contrib-dblink-get-pkey
Contrib-dblink-build-sql-insert
Contrib-dblink-build-sql-delete
Contrib-dblink-build-sql-update
F.9. dict_int
F.10. dict_xsyn
F.11. earthdistance
F.12. fuzzystrmatch
F.13. hstore
F.14. intagg
F.15. intarray
F.16. isn
F.17. lo
F.18. ltree
F.19. oid2name
F.20. pageinspect
F.21. passwordcheck
F.22. pg_archivecleanup
F.23. pgbench
F.24. pg_buffercache
F.25. pgcrypto
F.26. pg_freespacemap
F.27. pgrowlocks
F.28. pg_standby
F.29. pg_stat_statements
F.30. pgstattuple
F.31. pg_trgm
F.32. pg_upgrade
F.33. seg
F.34. spi
F.35. sslinfo
F.36. tablefunc
F.37. test_parser
F.38. tsearch2
F.39. unaccent
F.40. uuid-ossp
F.41. vacuumlo
F.42. xml2
G. 外部项目
G.1. 客户端接口
G.2. 过程语言
G.3. 扩展
H. The Source Code Repository
H.1. Getting The Source Via Git
I. 文档
I.1. DocBook
I.2. 工具集
I.3. 制作文档
I.4. 文档写作
I.5. 风格指导
J. 首字母缩略词
参考书目
Bookindex
Index
©
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E.183. Release 6.3
Release date: 1998-03-01
There are many new features and improvements in this release. Here is a brief, incomplete summary:
Many new SQL features, including full SQL92 subselect capability (everything is here but target-list subselects).
Support for client-side environment variables to specify time zone and date style.
Socket interface for client/server connection. This is the default now so you might need to start postmaster with the -i flag.
Better password authorization mechanisms. Default table privileges have changed.
Old-style time travel has been removed. Performance has been improved.
Note: Bruce Momjian wrote the following notes to introduce the new release.
There are some general 6.3 issues that I want to mention. These are only the big items that cannot be described in one sentence. A review of the detailed changes list is still needed.
First, we now have subselects. Now that we have them, I would like to mention that without subselects, SQL is a very limited language. Subselects are a major feature, and you should review your code for places where subselects provide a better solution for your queries. I think you will find that there are more uses for subselects than you might think. Vadim has put us on the big SQL map with subselects, and fully functional ones too. The only thing you cannot do with subselects is to use them in the target list.
Second, 6.3 uses Unix domain sockets rather than TCP/IP by default. To enable connections from other machines, you have to use the new postmaster -i option, and of course edit pg_hba.conf. Also, for this reason, the format of pg_hba.conf has changed.
Third, char() fields will now allow faster access than varchar() or text. Specifically, the text and varchar() have a penalty for access to any columns after the first column of this type. char() used to also have this access penalty, but it no longer does. This might suggest that you redesign some of your tables, especially if you have short character columns that you have defined as varchar() or text. This and other changes make 6.3 even faster than earlier releases.
We now have passwords definable independent of any Unix file. There are new SQL USER commands. See the Administrator's Guide for more information. There is a new table, pg_shadow, which is used to store user information and user passwords, and it by default only SELECT-able by the postgres super-user. pg_user is now a view of pg_shadow, and is SELECT-able by PUBLIC. You should keep using pg_user in your application without changes.
User-created tables now no longer have SELECT privilege to PUBLIC by default. This was done because the ANSI standard requires it. You can of course GRANT any privileges you want after the table is created. System tables continue to be SELECT-able by PUBLIC.
We also have real deadlock detection code. No more sixty-second timeouts. And the new locking code implements a FIFO better, so there should be less resource starvation during heavy use.
Many complaints have been made about inadequate documentation in previous releases. Thomas has put much effort into many new manuals for this release. Check out the doc/ directory.
For performance reasons, time travel is gone, but can be implemented using triggers (see pgsql/contrib/spi/README). Please check out the new \d command for types, operators, etc. Also, views have their own privileges now, not based on the underlying tables, so privileges on them have to be set separately. Check /pgsql/interfaces for some new ways to talk to PostgreSQL.
This is the first release that really required an explanation for existing users. In many ways, this was necessary because the new release removes many limitations, and the work-arounds people were using are no longer needed.
E.183.1. Migration to Version 6.3
A dump/restore using pg_dump or pg_dumpall is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release of PostgreSQL.
E.183.2. Changes
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix binary cursors broken by MOVE implementation(Vadim)
Fix for tcl library crash(Jan)
Fix for array handling, from Gerhard Hintermayer
Fix acl error, and remove duplicate pqtrace(Bruce)
Fix psql \e for empty file(Bruce)
Fix for textcat on varchar() fields(Bruce)
Fix for DBT Sendproc (Zeugswetter Andres)
Fix vacuum analyze syntax problem(Bruce)
Fix for international identifiers(Tatsuo)
Fix aggregates on inherited tables(Bruce)
Fix substr() for out-of-bounds data
Fix for select 1=1 or 2=2, select 1=1 and 2=2, and select sum(2+2)(Bruce)
Fix notty output to show status result. -q option still turns it off(Bruce)
Fix for count(*), aggs with views and multiple tables and sum(3)(Bruce)
Fix cluster(Bruce)
Fix for PQtrace start/stop several times(Bruce)
Fix a variety of locking problems like newer lock waiters getting
lock before older waiters, and having readlock people not share
locks if a writer is waiting for a lock, and waiting writers not
getting priority over waiting readers(Bruce)
Fix crashes in psql when executing queries from external files(James)
Fix problem with multiple order by columns, with the first one having
NULL values(Jeroen)
Use correct hash table support functions for float8 and int4(Thomas)
Re-enable JOIN= option in CREATE OPERATOR statement (Thomas)
Change precedence for boolean operators to match expected behavior(Thomas)
Generate elog(ERROR) on over-large integer(Bruce)
Allow multiple-argument functions in constraint clauses(Thomas)
Check boolean input literals for 'true','false','yes','no','1','0'
and throw elog(ERROR) if unrecognized(Thomas)
Major large objects fix
Fix for GROUP BY showing duplicates(Vadim)
Fix for index scans in MergeJoin(Vadim)
Enhancements
------------
Subselects with EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANY key words (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas)
New User Manual(Thomas, others)
Speedup by inlining some frequently-called functions
Real deadlock detection, no more timeouts(Bruce)
Add SQL92 "constants" CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
CURRENT_USER(Thomas)
Modify constraint syntax to be SQL92-compliant(Thomas)
Implement SQL92 PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE clauses using indexes(Thomas)
Recognize SQL92 syntax for FOREIGN KEY. Throw elog notice(Thomas)
Allow NOT NULL UNIQUE constraint clause (each allowed separately before)(Thomas)
Allow PostgreSQL-style casting ("::") of non-constants(Thomas)
Add support for SQL3 TRUE and FALSE boolean constants(Thomas)
Support SQL92 syntax for IS TRUE/IS FALSE/IS NOT TRUE/IS NOT FALSE(Thomas)
Allow shorter strings for boolean literals (e.g. "t", "tr", "tru")(Thomas)
Allow SQL92 delimited identifiers(Thomas)
Implement SQL92 binary and hexadecimal string decoding (b'10' and x'1F')(Thomas)
Support SQL92 syntax for type coercion of literal strings
(e.g. "DATETIME 'now'")(Thomas)
Add conversions for int2, int4, and OID types to and from text(Thomas)
Use shared lock when building indexes(Vadim)
Free memory allocated for an user query inside transaction block after
this query is done, was turned off in <= 6.2.1(Vadim)
New SQL statement CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE(Jan)
New PostgreSQL Procedural Language (PL) backend interface(Jan)
Rename pg_dump -H option to -h(Bruce)
Add Java support for passwords, European dates(Peter)
Use indexes for LIKE and ~, !~ operations(Bruce)
Add hash functions for datetime and timespan(Thomas)
Time Travel removed(Vadim, Bruce)
Add paging for \d and \z, and fix \i(Bruce)
Add Unix domain socket support to backend and to frontend library(Goran)
Implement CREATE DATABASE/WITH LOCATION and initlocation utility(Thomas)
Allow more SQL92 and/or PostgreSQL reserved words as column identifiers(Thomas)
Augment support for SQL92 SET TIME ZONE...(Thomas)
SET/SHOW/RESET TIME ZONE uses TZ backend environment variable(Thomas)
Implement SET keyword = DEFAULT and SET TIME ZONE DEFAULT(Thomas)
Enable SET TIME ZONE using TZ environment variable(Thomas)
Add PGDATESTYLE environment variable to frontend and backend initialization(Thomas)
Add PGTZ, PGCOSTHEAP, PGCOSTINDEX, PGRPLANS, PGGEQO
frontend library initialization environment variables(Thomas)
Regression tests time zone automatically set with "setenv PGTZ PST8PDT"(Thomas)
Add pg_description table for info on tables, columns, operators, types, and
aggregates(Bruce)
Increase 16 char limit on system table/index names to 32 characters(Bruce)
Rename system indexes(Bruce)
Add 'GERMAN' option to SET DATESTYLE(Thomas)
Define an "ISO-style" timespan output format with "hh:mm:ss" fields(Thomas)
Allow fractional values for delta times (e.g. '2.5 days')(Thomas)
Validate numeric input more carefully for delta times(Thomas)
Implement day of year as possible input to date_part()(Thomas)
Define timespan_finite() and text_timespan() functions(Thomas)
Remove archive stuff(Bruce)
Allow for a pg_password authentication database that is separate from
the system password file(Todd)
Dump ACLs, GRANT, REVOKE privileges(Matt)
Define text, varchar, and bpchar string length functions(Thomas)
Fix Query handling for inheritance, and cost computations(Bruce)
Implement CREATE TABLE/AS SELECT (alternative to SELECT/INTO)(Thomas)
Allow NOT, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL in constraints(Thomas)
Implement UNIONs for SELECT(Bruce)
Add UNION, GROUP, DISTINCT to INSERT(Bruce)
varchar() stores only necessary bytes on disk(Bruce)
Fix for BLOBs(Peter)
Mega-Patch for JDBC...see README_6.3 for list of changes(Peter)
Remove unused "option" from PQconnectdb()
New LOCK command and lock manual page describing deadlocks(Bruce)
Add new psql \da, \dd, \df, \do, \dS, and \dT commands(Bruce)
Enhance psql \z to show sequences(Bruce)
Show NOT NULL and DEFAULT in psql \d table(Bruce)
New psql .psqlrc file start-up(Andrew)
Modify sample start-up script in contrib/linux to show syslog(Thomas)
New types for IP and MAC addresses in contrib/ip_and_mac(TomH)
Unix system time conversions with date/time types in contrib/unixdate(Thomas)
Update of contrib stuff(Massimo)
Add Unix socket support to DBD::Pg(Goran)
New python interface (PyGreSQL 2.0)(D'Arcy)
New frontend/backend protocol has a version number, network byte order(Phil)
Security features in pg_hba.conf enhanced and documented, many cleanups(Phil)
CHAR() now faster access than VARCHAR() or TEXT
ecpg embedded SQL preprocessor
Reduce system column overhead(Vadmin)
Remove pg_time table(Vadim)
Add pg_type attribute to identify types that need length (bpchar, varchar)
Add report of offending line when COPY command fails
Allow VIEW privileges to be set separately from the underlying tables.
For security, use GRANT/REVOKE on views as appropriate(Jan)
Tables now have no default GRANT SELECT TO PUBLIC. You must
explicitly grant such privileges.
Clean up tutorial examples(Darren)
Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Add new html development tools, and flow chart in /tools/backend
Fix for SCO compiles
Stratus computer port Robert Gillies
Added support for shlib for BSD44_derived & i386_solaris
Make configure more automated(Brook)
Add script to check regression test results
Break parser functions into smaller files, group together(Bruce)
Rename heap_create to heap_create_and_catalog, rename heap_creatr
to heap_create()(Bruce)
Sparc/Linux patch for locking(TomS)
Remove PORTNAME and reorganize port-specific stuff(Marc)
Add optimizer README file(Bruce)
Remove some recursion in optimizer and clean up some code there(Bruce)
Fix for NetBSD locking(Henry)
Fix for libptcl make(Tatsuo)
AIX patch(Darren)
Change IS TRUE, IS FALSE, ... to expressions using "=" rather than
function calls to istrue() or isfalse() to allow optimization(Thomas)
Various fixes NetBSD/Sparc related(TomH)
Alpha linux locking(Travis,Ryan)
Change elog(WARN) to elog(ERROR)(Bruce)
FAQ for FreeBSD(Marc)
Bring in the PostODBC source tree as part of our standard distribution(Marc)
A minor patch for HP/UX 10 vs 9(Stan)
New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce)
UnixWare patches(Billy)
New i386 'lock' for spinlock asm(Billy)
Support for multiplexed backends is removed
Start an OpenBSD port
Start an AUX port
Start a Cygnus port
Add string functions to regression suite(Thomas)
Expand a few function names formerly truncated to 16 characters(Thomas)
Remove un-needed malloc() calls and replace with palloc()(Bruce)