前言
何为PostgreSQL？
PostgreSQL简史
格式约定
更多信息
臭虫汇报指导
I. 教程
章1. 从头开始
1.1. 安装
1.2. 体系基本概念
1.3. 创建一个数据库
1.4. 访问数据库
章2. SQL语言
2.1. 介绍
2.2. 概念
2.3. 创建新表
2.4. 向表中添加行
2.5. 查询一个表
2.6. 表间链接
2.7. 聚集函数
2.8. 更新
2.9. 删除
章3. 高级特性
3.1. 介绍
3.2. 视图
3.3. 外键
3.4. 事务
3.5. 窗口函数
3.6. 继承
3.7. 结论
II. SQL语言
章4. SQL语法
4.1. 词法结构
4.2. 值表达式
4.3. 调用函数
章5. 数据定义
5.1. 表的基本概念
5.2. 缺省值
5.3. 约束
5.4. 系统字段
5.5. 修改表
5.6. 权限
5.7. 模式
5.8. 继承
5.9. 分区
5.10. 其它数据库对象
5.11. 依赖性跟踪
章 6. 数据操作
6.1. 插入数据
6.2. 更新数据
6.3. 删除数据
章7. 查询
7.1. 概述
7.2. 表表达式
7.3. 选择列表
7.4. 组合查询
7.5. 行排序
7.6. LIMIT和OFFSET
7.7. VALUES列表
7.8. WITH的查询（公用表表达式）
章8. 数据类型
8.1. 数值类型
8.2. 货币类型
8.3. 字符类型
8.4. 二进制数据类型
8.5. 日期/时间类型
8.6. 布尔类型
8.7. 枚举类型
8.8. 几何类型
8.9. 网络地址类型
8.10. 位串类型
8.11. 文本搜索类型
8.12. UUID类型
8.13. XML类型
8.14. 数组
8.15. 复合类型
8.16. 对象标识符类型
8.17. 伪类型
章 9. 函数和操作符
9.1. 逻辑操作符
9.2. 比较操作符
9.3. 数学函数和操作符
9.4. 字符串函数和操作符
9.5. 二进制字符串函数和操作符
9.6. 位串函数和操作符
9.7. 模式匹配
9.8. 数据类型格式化函数
9.9. 时间/日期函数和操作符
9.10. 支持枚举函数
9.11. 几何函数和操作符
9.12. 网络地址函数和操作符
9.13. 文本检索函数和操作符
9.14. XML函数
9.15. 序列操作函数
9.16. 条件表达式
9.17. 数组函数和操作符
9.18. 聚合函数
9.19. 窗口函数
9.20. 子查询表达式
9.21. 行和数组比较
9.22. 返回集合的函数
9.23. 系统信息函数
9.24. 系统管理函数
9.25. 触发器函数
章10. 类型转换
10.3. 函数
10.2. 操作符
10.1. 概述
10.4. 值存储
10.5. UNION
章11. 索引
11.1. 介绍
11.2. 索引类型
11.3. 多字段索引
11.4. 索引和ORDER BY
11.5. 组合多个索引
11.6. 唯一索引
11.7. 表达式上的索引
11.8. 部分索引
11.9. 操作类和操作簇
11.10. 检查索引的使用
章12. Full Text Search
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Tables and Indexes
12.3. Controlling Text Search
12.4. Additional Features
12.5. Parsers
12.6. Dictionaries
12.7. Configuration Example
12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search
12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types
12.10. psql Support
12.11. Limitations
12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search
章13. 并发控制
13.1. 介绍
13.2. 事务隔离
13.3. 明确锁定
13.4. 应用层数据完整性检查
13.5. 锁和索引
章14. 性能提升技巧
14.1. 使用EXPLAIN
14.2. 规划器使用的统计信息
14.3. 用明确的JOIN语句控制规划器
14.4. 向数据库中添加记录
14.5. 非持久性设置
III. 服务器管理
章15. 安装指导
15.1. 简版
15.2. 要求
15.3. 获取源码
15.4. 升级
15.5. 安装过程
15.6. 安装后的设置
15.7. 支持的平台
15.8. 特殊平台的要求
章16. Installation from Source Code on Windows
16.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Platform SDK
16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++
章17. 服务器安装和操作
17.1. PostgreSQL用户帐户
17.2. 创建数据库集群
17.3. 启动数据库服务器
17.4. 管理内核资源
17.5. 关闭服务
17.6. 防止服务器欺骗
17.7. 加密选项
17.8. 用SSL进行安全的TCP/IP连接
17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
章18. 服务器配置
18.1. 设置参数
18.2. 文件位置
18.3. 连接和认证
18.4. 资源消耗
18.5. 预写式日志
18.6. 查询规划
18.7. 错误报告和日志
18.8. 运行时统计
18.9. 自动清理
18.10. 客户端连接缺省
18.12. 版本和平台兼容性
18.11. 锁管理
18.13. 预置选项
18.14. 自定义的选项
18.15. 开发人员选项
18.16. 短选项
章19. 用户认证
19.1. pg_hba.conf 文件
19.2. 用户名映射
19.3. 认证方法
19.4. 用户认证
章20. 数据库角色和权限
20.1. 数据库角色
20.2. 角色属性
20.3. 权限
20.4. 角色成员
20.5. 函数和触发器
章21. 管理数据库
21.1. 概述
21.2. 创建一个数据库
21.3. 临时库
21.4. 数据库配置
21.5. 删除数据库
21.6. 表空间
章22. 本土化
22.1. 区域支持
22.2. 字符集支持
章23. 日常数据库维护工作
23.1. Routine Vacuuming日常清理
23.2. 经常重建索引
23.3. 日志文件维护
章24. 备份和恢复
24.1. SQL转储
24.2. 文件系统级别的备份
24.3. 在线备份以及即时恢复(PITR)
24.4. 版本间迁移
章25. 高可用性与负载均衡，复制
25.1. 不同解决方案的比较
25.2. 日志传送备份服务器
25.3. 失效切换
25.4. 日志传送的替代方法
25.5. 热备
章26. 恢复配置
26.1. 归档恢复设置
26.2. 恢复目标设置
26.3. 备服务器设置
章27. 监控数据库的活动
27.1. 标准Unix工具
27.2. 统计收集器
27.3. 查看锁
27.4. 动态跟踪
章28. 监控磁盘使用情况
28.1. 判断磁盘的使用量
28.2. 磁盘满导致的失效
章29. 可靠性和预写式日志
29.1. 可靠性
29.2. 预写式日志(WAL)
29.3. 异步提交
29.4. WAL配置
29.5. WAL内部
章30. Regression Tests
30.1. Running the Tests
30.2. Test Evaluation
30.3. Variant Comparison Files
30.4. Test Coverage Examination
IV. 客户端接口
章31. libpq-C库
31.1. 数据库联接函数
31.2. 连接状态函数
31.3. 命令执行函数
31.4. 异步命令处理
31.5. 取消正在处理的查询
31.6. 捷径接口
31.7. 异步通知
31.8. 与COPY命令相关的函数
31.9. Control Functions 控制函数
31.10. 其他函数
31.11. 注意信息处理
31.12. 事件系统
31.13. 环境变量
31.14. 口令文件
31.15. 连接服务的文件
31.16. LDAP查找连接参数
31.17. SSL支持
31.18. 在多线程程序里的行为
31.19. 制作libpq程序
31.20. 例子程序
章32. 大对象
32.1. 介绍
32.2. 实现特点
32.3. 客户端接口
32.4. 服务器端函数
32.5. 例子程序
章33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
33.1. The Concept
33.2. Connecting to the Database Server
33.3. Closing a Connection
33.4. Running SQL Commands
33.5. Choosing a Connection
33.6. Using Host Variables
33.7. Dynamic SQL
33.8. pgtypes library
33.9. Using Descriptor Areas
33.10. Informix compatibility mode
33.11. Error Handling
33.12. Preprocessor directives
33.13. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
33.14. Library Functions
33.15. Internals
章34. 信息模式
34.1. 关于这个模式
34.2. 数据类型
34.3. information_schema_catalog_name
34.4. administrable_role_authorizations
34.5. applicable_roles
34.6. attributes
34.7. check_constraint_routine_usage
34.8. check_constraints
34.9. column_domain_usage
34.10. column_privileges
34.11. column_udt_usage
34.12. 字段
34.13. constraint_column_usage
34.14. constraint_table_usage
34.15. data_type_privileges
34.16. domain_constraints
34.18. domains
34.17. domain_udt_usage
34.19. element_types
34.20. enabled_roles
34.21. foreign_data_wrapper_options
34.22. foreign_data_wrappers
34.23. foreign_server_options
34.24. foreign_servers
34.25. key_column_usage
34.26. parameters
34.27. referential_constraints
34.28. role_column_grants
34.29. role_routine_grants
34.30. role_table_grants
34.31. role_usage_grants
34.32. routine_privileges
34.33. routines
34.34. schemata
34.35. sequences
34.36. sql_features
34.37. sql_implementation_info
34.38. sql_languages
34.39. sql_packages
34.40. sql_parts
34.41. sql_sizing
34.42. sql_sizing_profiles
34.43. table_constraints
34.44. table_privileges
34.45. tables
34.46. triggered_update_columns
34.47. 触发器
34.48. usage_privileges
34.49. user_mapping_options
34.50. user_mappings
34.51. view_column_usage
34.52. view_routine_usage
34.53. view_table_usage
34.54. 视图
V. 服务器端编程
章35. 扩展SQL
35.1. 扩展性是如何实现的
35.2. PostgreSQL类型系统
35.3. User-Defined Functions
35.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions
35.5. Function Overloading
35.6. Function Volatility Categories
35.7. Procedural Language Functions
35.8. Internal Functions
35.9. C-Language Functions
35.10. User-Defined Aggregates
35.11. User-Defined Types
35.12. User-Defined Operators
35.13. Operator Optimization Information
35.14. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes
35.15. 用C++扩展
章36. 触发器
36.1. 触发器行为概述
36.3. 用 C 写触发器
36.2. 数据改变的可视性
36.4. 一个完整的例子
章37. 规则系统
37.1. The Query Tree
37.2. 视图和规则系统
37.3. 在INSERT，UPDATE和DELETE上的规则
37.4. 规则和权限
37.5. 规则和命令状态
37.6. 规则与触发器得比较
章38. Procedural Languages
38.1. Installing Procedural Languages
章39. PL/pgSQL - SQL过程语言
39.1. 概述
39.2. PL/pgSQL的结构
39.3. 声明
39.4. 表达式
39.5. 基本语句
39.6. 控制结构
39.7. 游标
39.8. 错误和消息
39.9. 触发器过程
39.10. PL/pgSQL Under the Hood
39.11. 开发PL/pgSQL的一些提示
39.12. 从OraclePL/SQL 进行移植
章40. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
40.1. Overview
40.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments
40.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl
40.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl
40.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl
40.6. Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl
40.7. Modules and the unknown command
40.8. Tcl Procedure Names
章41. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
41.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments
41.2. Data Values in PL/Perl
41.3. Built-in Functions
41.4. Global Values in PL/Perl
41.6. PL/Perl Triggers
41.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
41.7. PL/Perl Under the Hood
章42. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language
42.1. Python 2 vs. Python 3
42.2. PL/Python Functions
42.3. Data Values
42.4. Sharing Data
42.5. Anonymous Code Blocks
42.6. Trigger Functions
42.7. Database Access
42.8. Utility Functions
42.9. Environment Variables
章43. Server Programming Interface
43.1. Interface Functions
Spi-spi-connect
Spi-spi-finish
Spi-spi-push
Spi-spi-pop
Spi-spi-execute
Spi-spi-exec
Spi-spi-execute-with-args
Spi-spi-prepare
Spi-spi-prepare-cursor
Spi-spi-prepare-params
Spi-spi-getargcount
Spi-spi-getargtypeid
Spi-spi-is-cursor-plan
Spi-spi-execute-plan
Spi-spi-execute-plan-with-paramlist
Spi-spi-execp
Spi-spi-cursor-open
Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-args
Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-paramlist
Spi-spi-cursor-find
Spi-spi-cursor-fetch
Spi-spi-cursor-move
Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-fetch
Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-move
Spi-spi-cursor-close
Spi-spi-saveplan
43.2. Interface Support Functions
Spi-spi-fname
Spi-spi-fnumber
Spi-spi-getvalue
Spi-spi-getbinval
Spi-spi-gettype
Spi-spi-gettypeid
Spi-spi-getrelname
Spi-spi-getnspname
43.3. Memory Management
Spi-spi-palloc
Spi-realloc
Spi-spi-pfree
Spi-spi-copytuple
Spi-spi-returntuple
Spi-spi-modifytuple
Spi-spi-freetuple
Spi-spi-freetupletable
Spi-spi-freeplan
43.4. Visibility of Data Changes
43.5. Examples
VI. 参考手册
I. SQL命令
Sql-abort
Sql-alteraggregate
Sql-alterconversion
Sql-alterdatabase
Sql-alterdefaultprivileges
Sql-alterdomain
Sql-alterforeigndatawrapper
Sql-alterfunction
Sql-altergroup
Sql-alterindex
Sql-alterlanguage
Sql-alterlargeobject
Sql-alteroperator
Sql-alteropclass
Sql-alteropfamily
Sql-alterrole
Sql-alterschema
Sql-altersequence
Sql-alterserver
Sql-altertable
Sql-altertablespace
Sql-altertsconfig
Sql-altertsdictionary
Sql-altertsparser
Sql-altertstemplate
Sql-altertrigger
Sql-altertype
Sql-alteruser
Sql-alterusermapping
Sql-alterview
Sql-analyze
Sql-begin
Sql-checkpoint
Sql-close
Sql-cluster
Sql-comment
Sql-commit
Sql-commit-prepared
Sql-copy
Sql-createaggregate
Sql-createcast
Sql-createconstraint
Sql-createconversion
Sql-createdatabase
Sql-createdomain
Sql-createforeigndatawrapper
Sql-createfunction
Sql-creategroup
Sql-createindex
Sql-createlanguage
Sql-createoperator
Sql-createopclass
Sql-createopfamily
Sql-createrole
Sql-createrule
Sql-createschema
Sql-createsequence
Sql-createserver
Sql-createtable
Sql-createtableas
Sql-createtablespace
Sql-createtsconfig
Sql-createtsdictionary
Sql-createtsparser
Sql-createtstemplate
Sql-createtrigger
Sql-createtype
Sql-createuser
Sql-createusermapping
Sql-createview
Sql-deallocate
Sql-declare
Sql-delete
Sql-discard
Sql-do
Sql-dropaggregate
Sql-dropcast
Sql-dropconversion
Sql-dropdatabase
Sql-dropdomain
Sql-dropforeigndatawrapper
Sql-dropfunction
Sql-dropgroup
Sql-dropindex
Sql-droplanguage
Sql-dropoperator
Sql-dropopclass
Sql-dropopfamily
Sql-drop-owned
Sql-droprole
Sql-droprule
Sql-dropschema
Sql-dropsequence
Sql-dropserver
Sql-droptable
Sql-droptablespace
Sql-droptsconfig
Sql-droptsdictionary
Sql-droptsparser
Sql-droptstemplate
Sql-droptrigger
Sql-droptype
Sql-dropuser
Sql-dropusermapping
Sql-dropview
Sql-end
Sql-execute
Sql-explain
Sql-fetch
Sql-grant
Sql-insert
Sql-listen
Sql-load
Sql-lock
Sql-move
Sql-notify
Sql-prepare
Sql-prepare-transaction
Sql-reassign-owned
Sql-reindex
Sql-release-savepoint
Sql-reset
Sql-revoke
Sql-rollback
Sql-rollback-prepared
Sql-rollback-to
Sql-savepoint
Sql-select
Sql-selectinto
Sql-set
Sql-set-constraints
Sql-set-role
Sql-set-session-authorization
Sql-set-transaction
Sql-show
Sql-start-transaction
Sql-truncate
Sql-unlisten
Sql-update
Sql-vacuum
Sql-values
II. 客户端应用程序
App-clusterdb
App-createdb
App-createlang
App-createuser
App-dropdb
App-droplang
App-dropuser
App-ecpg
App-pgconfig
App-pgdump
App-pg-dumpall
App-pgrestore
App-psql
App-reindexdb
App-vacuumdb
III. PostgreSQL服务器应用程序
App-initdb
App-pgcontroldata
App-pg-ctl
App-pgresetxlog
App-postgres
App-postmaster
VII. 内部
章44. PostgreSQL内部概览
44.1. 查询路径
44.2. 连接是如何建立起来的
44.3. 分析器阶段
44.4. ThePostgreSQL规则系统
44.5. 规划器/优化器
44.6. 执行器
章45. 系统表
45.1. 概述
45.2. pg_aggregate
45.3. pg_am
45.4. pg_amop
45.5. pg_amproc
45.6. pg_attrdef
45.7. pg_attribute
45.8. pg_authid
45.9. pg_auth_members
45.10. pg_cast
45.11. pg_class
45.12. pg_constraint
45.13. pg_conversion
45.14. pg_database
45.15. pg_db_role_setting
45.16. pg_default_acl
45.17. pg_depend
45.18. pg_description
45.19. pg_enum
45.20. pg_foreign_data_wrapper
45.21. pg_foreign_server
45.22. pg_index
45.23. pg_inherits
45.24. pg_language
45.25. pg_largeobject
45.26. pg_largeobject_metadata
45.27. pg_namespace
45.28. pg_opclass
45.29. pg_operator
45.30. pg_opfamily
45.31. pg_pltemplate
45.32. pg_proc
45.33. pg_rewrite
45.34. pg_shdepend
45.35. pg_shdescription
45.36. pg_statistic
45.37. pg_tablespace
45.38. pg_trigger
45.39. pg_ts_config
45.40. pg_ts_config_map
45.41. pg_ts_dict
45.42. pg_ts_parser
45.43. pg_ts_template
45.44. pg_type
45.45. pg_user_mapping
45.46. System Views
45.47. pg_cursors
45.48. pg_group
45.49. pg_indexes
45.50. pg_locks
45.51. pg_prepared_statements
45.52. pg_prepared_xacts
45.53. pg_roles
45.54. pg_rules
45.55. pg_settings
45.56. pg_shadow
45.57. pg_stats
45.58. pg_tables
45.59. pg_timezone_abbrevs
45.60. pg_timezone_names
45.61. pg_user
45.62. pg_user_mappings
45.63. pg_views
章46. Frontend/Backend Protocol
46.1. Overview
46.2. Message Flow
46.3. Streaming Replication Protocol
46.4. Message Data Types
46.5. Message Formats
46.6. Error and Notice Message Fields
46.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
47. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
47.1. Formatting
47.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
47.3. Error Message Style Guide
章48. Native Language Support
48.1. For the Translator
48.2. For the Programmer
章49. Writing A Procedural Language Handler
章50. Genetic Query Optimizer
50.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
50.2. Genetic Algorithms
50.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
50.4. Further Reading
章51. 索引访问方法接口定义
51.1. 索引的系统表记录
51.2. 索引访问方法函数
51.3. 索引扫描
51.4. 索引锁的考量
51.5. 索引唯一性检查
51.6. 索引开销估计函数
章52. GiST Indexes
52.1. Introduction
52.2. Extensibility
52.3. Implementation
52.4. Examples
52.5. Crash Recovery
章53. GIN Indexes
53.1. Introduction
53.2. Extensibility
53.3. Implementation
53.4. GIN tips and tricks
53.5. Limitations
53.6. Examples
章54. 数据库物理存储
54.1. 数据库文件布局
54.2. TOAST
54.3. 自由空间映射
54.4. 可见映射
54.5. 数据库分页文件
章55. BKI后端接口
55.1. BKI 文件格式
55.2. BKI命令
55.3. 系统初始化的BKI文件的结构
55.4. 例子
章56. 规划器如何使用统计信息
56.1. 行预期的例子
VIII. 附录
A. PostgreSQL错误代码
B. 日期/时间支持
B.1. 日期/时间输入解析
B.2. 日期/时间关键字
B.3. 日期/时间配置文件
B.4. 日期单位的历史
C. SQL关键字
D. SQL Conformance
D.1. Supported Features
D.2. Unsupported Features
E. Release Notes
Release-0-01
Release-0-02
Release-0-03
Release-1-0
Release-1-01
Release-1-02
Release-1-09
Release-6-0
Release-6-1
Release-6-1-1
Release-6-2
Release-6-2-1
Release-6-3
Release-6-3-1
Release-6-3-2
Release-6-4
Release-6-4-1
Release-6-4-2
Release-6-5
Release-6-5-1
Release-6-5-2
Release-6-5-3
Release-7-0
Release-7-0-1
Release-7-0-2
Release-7-0-3
Release-7-1
Release-7-1-1
Release-7-1-2
Release-7-1-3
Release-7-2
Release-7-2-1
Release-7-2-2
Release-7-2-3
Release-7-2-4
Release-7-2-5
Release-7-2-6
Release-7-2-7
Release-7-2-8
Release-7-3
Release-7-3-1
Release-7-3-10
Release-7-3-11
Release-7-3-12
Release-7-3-13
Release-7-3-14
Release-7-3-15
Release-7-3-16
Release-7-3-17
Release-7-3-18
Release-7-3-19
Release-7-3-2
Release-7-3-20
Release-7-3-21
Release-7-3-3
Release-7-3-4
Release-7-3-5
Release-7-3-6
Release-7-3-7
Release-7-3-8
Release-7-3-9
Release-7-4
Release-7-4-1
Release-7-4-10
Release-7-4-11
Release-7-4-12
Release-7-4-13
Release-7-4-14
Release-7-4-15
Release-7-4-16
Release-7-4-17
Release-7-4-18
Release-7-4-19
Release-7-4-2
Release-7-4-20
Release-7-4-21
Release-7-4-22
Release-7-4-23
Release-7-4-24
Release-7-4-25
Release-7-4-26
Release-7-4-27
Release-7-4-28
Release-7-4-29
Release-7-4-3
Release-7-4-30
Release-7-4-4
Release-7-4-5
Release-7-4-6
Release-7-4-7
Release-7-4-8
Release-7-4-9
Release-8-0
Release-8-0-1
Release-8-0-10
Release-8-0-11
Release-8-0-12
Release-8-0-13
Release-8-0-14
Release-8-0-15
Release-8-0-16
Release-8-0-17
Release-8-0-18
Release-8-0-19
Release-8-0-2
Release-8-0-20
Release-8-0-21
Release-8-0-22
Release-8-0-23
Release-8-0-24
Release-8-0-25
Release-8-0-26
Release-8-0-3
Release-8-0-4
Release-8-0-5
Release-8-0-6
Release-8-0-7
Release-8-0-8
Release-8-0-9
Release-8-1
Release-8-1-1
Release-8-1-10
Release-8-1-11
Release-8-1-12
Release-8-1-13
Release-8-1-14
Release-8-1-15
Release-8-1-16
Release-8-1-17
Release-8-1-18
Release-8-1-19
Release-8-1-2
Release-8-1-20
Release-8-1-21
Release-8-1-22
Release-8-1-23
Release-8-1-3
Release-8-1-4
Release-8-1-5
Release-8-1-6
Release-8-1-7
Release-8-1-8
Release-8-1-9
Release-8-2
Release-8-2-1
Release-8-2-10
Release-8-2-11
Release-8-2-12
Release-8-2-13
Release-8-2-14
Release-8-2-15
Release-8-2-16
Release-8-2-17
Release-8-2-18
Release-8-2-19
Release-8-2-2
Release-8-2-20
Release-8-2-21
Release-8-2-3
Release-8-2-4
Release-8-2-5
Release-8-2-6
Release-8-2-7
Release-8-2-8
Release-8-2-9
Release-8-3
Release-8-3-1
Release-8-3-10
Release-8-3-11
Release-8-3-12
Release-8-3-13
Release-8-3-14
Release-8-3-15
Release-8-3-2
Release-8-3-3
Release-8-3-4
Release-8-3-5
Release-8-3-6
Release-8-3-7
Release-8-3-8
Release-8-3-9
Release-8-4
Release-8-4-1
Release-8-4-2
Release-8-4-3
Release-8-4-4
Release-8-4-5
Release-8-4-6
Release-8-4-7
Release-8-4-8
Release-9-0
Release-9-0-1
Release-9-0-2
Release-9-0-3
Release-9-0-4
F. 额外提供的模块
F.1. adminpack
F.2. auto_explain
F.3. btree_gin
F.4. btree_gist
F.5. chkpass
F.6. citext
F.7. cube
F.8. dblink
Contrib-dblink-connect
Contrib-dblink-connect-u
Contrib-dblink-disconnect
Contrib-dblink
Contrib-dblink-exec
Contrib-dblink-open
Contrib-dblink-fetch
Contrib-dblink-close
Contrib-dblink-get-connections
Contrib-dblink-error-message
Contrib-dblink-send-query
Contrib-dblink-is-busy
Contrib-dblink-get-notify
Contrib-dblink-get-result
Contrib-dblink-cancel-query
Contrib-dblink-get-pkey
Contrib-dblink-build-sql-insert
Contrib-dblink-build-sql-delete
Contrib-dblink-build-sql-update
F.9. dict_int
F.10. dict_xsyn
F.11. earthdistance
F.12. fuzzystrmatch
F.13. hstore
F.14. intagg
F.15. intarray
F.16. isn
F.17. lo
F.18. ltree
F.19. oid2name
F.20. pageinspect
F.21. passwordcheck
F.22. pg_archivecleanup
F.23. pgbench
F.24. pg_buffercache
F.25. pgcrypto
F.26. pg_freespacemap
F.27. pgrowlocks
F.28. pg_standby
F.29. pg_stat_statements
F.30. pgstattuple
F.31. pg_trgm
F.32. pg_upgrade
F.33. seg
F.34. spi
F.35. sslinfo
F.36. tablefunc
F.37. test_parser
F.38. tsearch2
F.39. unaccent
F.40. uuid-ossp
F.41. vacuumlo
F.42. xml2
G. 外部项目
G.1. 客户端接口
G.2. 过程语言
G.3. 扩展
H. The Source Code Repository
H.1. Getting The Source Via Git
I. 文档
I.1. DocBook
I.2. 工具集
I.3. 制作文档
I.4. 文档写作
I.5. 风格指导
J. 首字母缩略词
参考书目
Bookindex
Index
©
This document uses PHP Chinese website manual Release
characters
E.173. Release 7.0
Release date: 2000-05-08
This release contains improvements in many areas, demonstrating the continued growth of PostgreSQL. There are more improvements and fixes in 7.0 than in any previous release. The developers have confidence that this is the best release yet; we do our best to put out only solid releases, and this one is no exception.
Major changes in this release:
- Foreign Keys
Foreign keys are now implemented, with the exception of PARTIAL MATCH foreign keys. Many users have been asking for this feature, and we are pleased to offer it.
- Optimizer Overhaul
Continuing on work started a year ago, the optimizer has been improved, allowing better query plan selection and faster performance with less memory usage.
- Updated psql
psql, our interactive terminal monitor, has been updated with a variety of new features. See the psql manual page for details.
- Join Syntax
SQL92 join syntax is now supported, though only as INNER JOIN for this release. JOIN, NATURAL JOIN, JOIN/USING, and JOIN/ON are available, as are column correlation names.
E.173.1. Migration to Version 7.0
A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release of PostgreSQL. For those upgrading from 6.5.*, you can instead use pg_upgrade to upgrade to this release; however, a full dump/reload installation is always the most robust method for upgrades.
Interface and compatibility issues to consider for the new release include:
The date/time types datetime and timespan have been superseded by the SQL92-defined types timestamp and interval. Although there has been some effort to ease the transition by allowing PostgreSQL to recognize the deprecated type names and translate them to the new type names, this mechanism cannot be completely transparent to your existing application.
The optimizer has been substantially improved in the area of query cost estimation. In some cases, this will result in decreased query times as the optimizer makes a better choice for the preferred plan. However, in a small number of cases, usually involving pathological distributions of data, your query times might go up. If you are dealing with large amounts of data, you might want to check your queries to verify performance.
The JDBC and ODBC interfaces have been upgraded and extended.
The string function
CHAR_LENGTHis now a native function. Previous versions translated this into a call toLENGTH, which could result in ambiguity with other types implementingLENGTHsuch as the geometric types.
E.173.2. Changes
Bug Fixes
---------
Prevent function calls exceeding maximum number of arguments (Tom)
Improve CASE construct (Tom)
Fix SELECT coalesce(f1,0) FROM int4_tbl GROUP BY f1 (Tom)
Fix SELECT sentence.words[0] FROM sentence GROUP BY sentence.words[0] (Tom)
Fix GROUP BY scan bug (Tom)
Improvements in SQL grammar processing (Tom)
Fix for views involved in INSERT ... SELECT ... (Tom)
Fix for SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a/2 (Tom)
Fix for subselects in INSERT ... SELECT (Tom)
Prevent INSERT ... SELECT ... ORDER BY (Tom)
Fixes for relations greater than 2GB, including vacuum
Improve propagating system table changes to other backends (Tom)
Improve propagating user table changes to other backends (Tom)
Fix handling of temp tables in complex situations (Bruce, Tom)
Allow table locking at table open, improving concurrent reliability (Tom)
Properly quote sequence names in pg_dump (Ross J. Reedstrom)
Prevent DROP DATABASE while others accessing
Prevent any rows from being returned by GROUP BY if no rows processed (Tom)
Fix SELECT COUNT(1) FROM table WHERE ...' if no rows matching WHERE (Tom)
Fix pg_upgrade so it works for MVCC (Tom)
Fix for SELECT ... WHERE x IN (SELECT ... HAVING SUM(x) > 1) (Tom)
Fix for "f1 datetime DEFAULT 'now'" (Tom)
Fix problems with CURRENT_DATE used in DEFAULT (Tom)
Allow comment-only lines, and ;;; lines too. (Tom)
Improve recovery after failed disk writes, disk full (Hiroshi)
Fix cases where table is mentioned in FROM but not joined (Tom)
Allow HAVING clause without aggregate functions (Tom)
Fix for "--" comment and no trailing newline, as seen in perl interface
Improve pg_dump failure error reports (Bruce)
Allow sorts and hashes to exceed 2GB file sizes (Tom)
Fix for pg_dump dumping of inherited rules (Tom)
Fix for NULL handling comparisons (Tom)
Fix inconsistent state caused by failed CREATE/DROP commands (Hiroshi)
Fix for dbname with dash
Prevent DROP INDEX from interfering with other backends (Tom)
Fix file descriptor leak in verify_password()
Fix for "Unable to identify an operator =$" problem
Fix ODBC so no segfault if CommLog and Debug enabled (Dirk Niggemann)
Fix for recursive exit call (Massimo)
Fix for extra-long timezones (Jeroen van Vianen)
Make pg_dump preserve primary key information (Peter E)
Prevent databases with single quotes (Peter E)
Prevent DROP DATABASE inside transaction (Peter E)
ecpg memory leak fixes (Stephen Birch)
Fix for SELECT null::text, SELECT int4fac(null) and SELECT 2 + (null) (Tom)
Y2K timestamp fix (Massimo)
Fix for VACUUM 'HEAP_MOVED_IN was not expected' errors (Tom)
Fix for views with tables/columns containing spaces (Tom)
Prevent privileges on indexes (Peter E)
Fix for spinlock stuck problem when error is generated (Hiroshi)
Fix ipcclean on Linux
Fix handling of NULL constraint conditions (Tom)
Fix memory leak in odbc driver (Nick Gorham)
Fix for privilege check on UNION tables (Tom)
Fix to allow SELECT 'a' LIKE 'a' (Tom)
Fix for SELECT 1 + NULL (Tom)
Fixes to CHAR
Fix log() on numeric type (Tom)
Deprecate ':' and ';' operators
Allow vacuum of temporary tables
Disallow inherited columns with the same name as new columns
Recover or force failure when disk space is exhausted (Hiroshi)
Fix INSERT INTO ... SELECT with AS columns matching result columns
Fix INSERT ... SELECT ... GROUP BY groups by target columns not source columns (Tom)
Fix CREATE TABLE test (a char(5) DEFAULT text '', b int4) with INSERT (Tom)
Fix UNION with LIMIT
Fix CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 2
Fix CREATE TABLE test(col char(2) DEFAULT user)
Fix mismatched types in CREATE TABLE ... DEFAULT
Fix SELECT * FROM pg_class where oid in (0,-1)
Fix SELECT COUNT('asdf') FROM pg_class WHERE oid=12
Prevent user who can create databases can modifying pg_database table (Peter E)
Fix btree to give a useful elog when key > 1/2 (page - overhead) (Tom)
Fix INSERT of 0.0 into DECIMAL(4,4) field (Tom)
Enhancements
------------
New CLI interface include file sqlcli.h, based on SQL3/SQL98
Remove all limits on query length, row length limit still exists (Tom)
Update jdbc protocol to 2.0 (Jens Glaser <jens@jens.de>)
Add TRUNCATE command to quickly truncate relation (Mike Mascari)
Fix to give super user and createdb user proper update catalog rights (Peter E)
Allow ecpg bool variables to have NULL values (Christof)
Issue ecpg error if NULL value for variable with no NULL indicator (Christof)
Allow ^C to cancel COPY command (Massimo)
Add SET FSYNC and SHOW PG_OPTIONS commands(Massimo)
Function name overloading for dynamically-loaded C functions (Frankpitt)
Add CmdTuples() to libpq++(Vince)
New CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER and SET CONSTRAINTS commands(Jan)
Allow CREATE FUNCTION/WITH clause to be used for all language types
configure --enable-debug adds -g (Peter E)
configure --disable-debug removes -g (Peter E)
Allow more complex default expressions (Tom)
First real FOREIGN KEY constraint trigger functionality (Jan)
Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH FULL ... ON DELETE CASCADE (Jan)
Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH <unspecified> referential actions (Don Baccus)
Allow WHERE restriction on ctid (physical heap location) (Hiroshi)
Move pginterface from contrib to interface directory, rename to pgeasy (Bruce)
Change pgeasy connectdb() parameter ordering (Bruce)
Require SELECT DISTINCT target list to have all ORDER BY columns (Tom)
Add Oracle's COMMENT ON command (Mike Mascari <mascarim@yahoo.com>)
libpq's PQsetNoticeProcessor function now returns previous hook(Peter E)
Prevent PQsetNoticeProcessor from being set to NULL (Peter E)
Make USING in COPY optional (Bruce)
Allow subselects in the target list (Tom)
Allow subselects on the left side of comparison operators (Tom)
New parallel regression test (Jan)
Change backend-side COPY to write files with permissions 644 not 666 (Tom)
Force permissions on PGDATA directory to be secure, even if it exists (Tom)
Added psql LASTOID variable to return last inserted oid (Peter E)
Allow concurrent vacuum and remove pg_vlock vacuum lock file (Tom)
Add privilege check for vacuum (Peter E)
New libpq functions to allow asynchronous connections: PQconnectStart(),
PQconnectPoll(), PQresetStart(), PQresetPoll(), PQsetenvStart(),
PQsetenvPoll(), PQsetenvAbort (Ewan Mellor)
New libpq PQsetenv() function (Ewan Mellor)
create/alter user extension (Peter E)
New postmaster.pid and postmaster.opts under $PGDATA (Tatsuo)
New scripts for create/drop user/db (Peter E)
Major psql overhaul (Peter E)
Add const to libpq interface (Peter E)
New libpq function PQoidValue (Peter E)
Show specific non-aggregate causing problem with GROUP BY (Tom)
Make changes to pg_shadow recreate pg_pwd file (Peter E)
Add aggregate(DISTINCT ...) (Tom)
Allow flag to control COPY input/output of NULLs (Peter E)
Make postgres user have a password by default (Peter E)
Add CREATE/ALTER/DROP GROUP (Peter E)
All administration scripts now support --long options (Peter E, Karel)
Vacuumdb script now supports --all option (Peter E)
ecpg new portable FETCH syntax
Add ecpg EXEC SQL IFDEF, EXEC SQL IFNDEF, EXEC SQL ELSE, EXEC SQL ELIF
and EXEC SQL ENDIF directives
Add pg_ctl script to control backend start-up (Tatsuo)
Add postmaster.opts.default file to store start-up flags (Tatsuo)
Allow --with-mb=SQL_ASCII
Increase maximum number of index keys to 16 (Bruce)
Increase maximum number of function arguments to 16 (Bruce)
Allow configuration of maximum number of index keys and arguments (Bruce)
Allow unprivileged users to change their passwords (Peter E)
Password authentication enabled; required for new users (Peter E)
Disallow dropping a user who owns a database (Peter E)
Change initdb option --with-mb to --enable-multibyte
Add option for initdb to prompts for superuser password (Peter E)
Allow complex type casts like col::numeric(9,2) and col::int2::float8 (Tom)
Updated user interfaces on initdb, initlocation, pg_dump, ipcclean (Peter E)
New pg_char_to_encoding() and pg_encoding_to_char() functions (Tatsuo)
libpq non-blocking mode (Alfred Perlstein)
Improve conversion of types in casts that don't specify a length
New plperl internal programming language (Mark Hollomon)
Allow COPY IN to read file that do not end with a newline (Tom)
Indicate when long identifiers are truncated (Tom)
Allow aggregates to use type equivalency (Peter E)
Add Oracle's to_char(), to_date(), to_datetime(), to_timestamp(), to_number()
conversion functions (Karel Zak <zakkr@zf.jcu.cz>)
Add SELECT DISTINCT ON (expr [, expr ...]) targetlist ... (Tom)
Check to be sure ORDER BY is compatible with the DISTINCT operation (Tom)
Add NUMERIC and int8 types to ODBC
Improve EXPLAIN results for Append, Group, Agg, Unique (Tom)
Add ALTER TABLE ... ADD FOREIGN KEY (Stephan Szabo)
Allow SELECT .. FOR UPDATE in PL/pgSQL (Hiroshi)
Enable backward sequential scan even after reaching EOF (Hiroshi)
Add btree indexing of boolean values, >= and <= (Don Baccus)
Print current line number when COPY FROM fails (Massimo)
Recognize POSIX time zone e.g. "PST+8" and "GMT-8" (Thomas)
Add DEC as synonym for DECIMAL (Thomas)
Add SESSION_USER as SQL92 key word, same as CURRENT_USER (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 column aliases (aka correlation names) (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 join syntax (Thomas)
Make INTERVAL reserved word allowed as a column identifier (Thomas)
Implement REINDEX command (Hiroshi)
Accept ALL in aggregate function SUM(ALL col) (Tom)
Prevent GROUP BY from using column aliases (Tom)
New psql \encoding option (Tatsuo)
Allow PQrequestCancel() to terminate when in waiting-for-lock state (Hiroshi)
Allow negation of a negative number in all cases
Add ecpg descriptors (Christof, Michael)
Allow CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT f1::char(8) FROM tbl
Allow casts with length, like foo::char(8)
New libpq functions PQsetClientEncoding(), PQclientEncoding() (Tatsuo)
Add support for SJIS user defined characters (Tatsuo)
Larger views/rules supported
Make libpq's PQconndefaults() thread-safe (Tom)
Disable // as comment to be ANSI conforming, should use -- (Tom)
Allow column aliases on views CREATE VIEW name (collist)
Fixes for views with subqueries (Tom)
Allow UPDATE table SET fld = (SELECT ...) (Tom)
SET command options no longer require quotes
Update pgaccess to 0.98.6
New SET SEED command
New pg_options.sample file
New SET FSYNC command (Massimo)
Allow pg_descriptions when creating tables
Allow pg_descriptions when creating types, columns, and functions
Allow psql \copy to allow delimiters (Peter E)
Allow psql to print nulls as distinct from "" [null] (Peter E)
Types
-----
Many array fixes (Tom)
Allow bare column names to be subscripted as arrays (Tom)
Improve type casting of int and float constants (Tom)
Cleanups for int8 inputs, range checking, and type conversion (Tom)
Fix for SELECT timespan('21:11:26'::time) (Tom)
netmask('x.x.x.x/0') is 255.255.255.255 instead of 0.0.0.0 (Oleg Sharoiko)
Add btree index on NUMERIC (Jan)
Perl fix for large objects containing NUL characters (Douglas Thomson)
ODBC fix for large objects (free)
Fix indexing of cidr data type
Fix for Ethernet MAC addresses (macaddr type) comparisons
Fix for date/time types when overflows happened in computations (Tom)
Allow array on int8 (Peter E)
Fix for rounding/overflow of NUMERIC type, like NUMERIC(4,4) (Tom)
Allow NUMERIC arrays
Fix bugs in NUMERIC ceil() and floor() functions (Tom)
Make char_length()/octet_length including trailing blanks (Tom)
Made abstime/reltime use int4 instead of time_t (Peter E)
New lztext data type for compressed text fields
Revise code to handle coercion of int and float constants (Tom)
Start at new code to implement a BIT and BIT VARYING type (Adriaan Joubert)
NUMERIC now accepts scientific notation (Tom)
NUMERIC to int4 rounds (Tom)
Convert float4/8 to NUMERIC properly (Tom)
Allow type conversion with NUMERIC (Thomas)
Make ISO date style (2000-02-16 09:33) the default (Thomas)
Add NATIONAL CHAR [ VARYING ] (Thomas)
Allow NUMERIC round and trunc to accept negative scales (Tom)
New TIME WITH TIME ZONE type (Thomas)
Add MAX()/MIN() on time type (Thomas)
Add abs(), mod(), fac() for int8 (Thomas)
Rename functions to round(), sqrt(), cbrt(), pow() for float8 (Thomas)
Add transcendental math functions (e.g. sin(), acos()) for float8 (Thomas)
Add exp() and ln() for NUMERIC type
Rename NUMERIC power() to pow() (Thomas)
Improved TRANSLATE() function (Edwin Ramirez, Tom)
Allow X=-Y operators (Tom)
Allow SELECT float8(COUNT(*))/(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t) FROM t GROUP BY f1; (Tom)
Allow LOCALE to use indexes in regular expression searches (Tom)
Allow creation of functional indexes to use default types
Performance
-----------
Prevent exponential space consumption with many AND's and OR's (Tom)
Collect attribute selectivity values for system columns (Tom)
Reduce memory usage of aggregates (Tom)
Fix for LIKE optimization to use indexes with multibyte encodings (Tom)
Fix r-tree index optimizer selectivity (Thomas)
Improve optimizer selectivity computations and functions (Tom)
Optimize btree searching for cases where many equal keys exist (Tom)
Enable fast LIKE index processing only if index present (Tom)
Re-use free space on index pages with duplicates (Tom)
Improve hash join processing (Tom)
Prevent descending sort if result is already sorted(Hiroshi)
Allow commuting of index scan query qualifications (Tom)
Prefer index scans in cases where ORDER BY/GROUP BY is required (Tom)
Allocate large memory requests in fix-sized chunks for performance (Tom)
Fix vacuum's performance by reducing memory allocation requests (Tom)
Implement constant-expression simplification (Bernard Frankpitt, Tom)
Use secondary columns to be used to determine start of index scan (Hiroshi)
Prevent quadruple use of disk space when doing internal sorting (Tom)
Faster sorting by calling fewer functions (Tom)
Create system indexes to match all system caches (Bruce, Hiroshi)
Make system caches use system indexes (Bruce)
Make all system indexes unique (Bruce)
Improve pg_statistics management for VACUUM speed improvement (Tom)
Flush backend cache less frequently (Tom, Hiroshi)
COPY now reuses previous memory allocation, improving performance (Tom)
Improve optimization cost estimation (Tom)
Improve optimizer estimate of range queries x > lowbound AND x < highbound (Tom)
Use DNF instead of CNF where appropriate (Tom, Taral)
Further cleanup for OR-of-AND WHERE-clauses (Tom)
Make use of index in OR clauses (x = 1 AND y = 2) OR (x = 2 AND y = 4) (Tom)
Smarter optimizer computations for random index page access (Tom)
New SET variable to control optimizer costs (Tom)
Optimizer queries based on LIMIT, OFFSET, and EXISTS qualifications (Tom)
Reduce optimizer internal housekeeping of join paths for speedup (Tom)
Major subquery speedup (Tom)
Fewer fsync writes when fsync is not disabled (Tom)
Improved LIKE optimizer estimates (Tom)
Prevent fsync in SELECT-only queries (Vadim)
Make index creation use psort code, because it is now faster (Tom)
Allow creation of sort temp tables > 1 Gig
Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Fix for linux PPC compile
New generic expression-tree-walker subroutine (Tom)
Change form() to varargform() to prevent portability problems
Improved range checking for large integers on Alphas
Clean up #include in /include directory (Bruce)
Add scripts for checking includes (Bruce)
Remove un-needed #include's from *.c files (Bruce)
Change #include's to use <> and "" as appropriate (Bruce)
Enable Windows compilation of libpq
Alpha spinlock fix from Uncle George <gatgul@voicenet.com>
Overhaul of optimizer data structures (Tom)
Fix to cygipc library (Yutaka Tanida)
Allow pgsql to work on newer Cygwin snapshots (Dan)
New catalog version number (Tom)
Add Linux ARM
Rename heap_replace to heap_update
Update for QNX (Dr. Andreas Kardos)
New platform-specific regression handling (Tom)
Rename oid8 -> oidvector and int28 -> int2vector (Bruce)
Included all yacc and lex files into the distribution (Peter E.)
Remove lextest, no longer needed (Peter E)
Fix for libpq and psql on Windows (Magnus)
Internally change datetime and timespan into timestamp and interval (Thomas)
Fix for plpgsql on BSD/OS
Add SQL_ASCII test case to the regression test (Tatsuo)
configure --with-mb now deprecated (Tatsuo)
NT fixes
NetBSD fixes (Johnny C. Lam <lamj@stat.cmu.edu>)
Fixes for Alpha compiles
New multibyte encodings