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前言 何为PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL简史 格式约定 更多信息 臭虫汇报指导 I. 教程 章1. 从头开始 1.1. 安装 1.2. 体系基本概念 1.3. 创建一个数据库 1.4. 访问数据库 章2. SQL语言 2.1. 介绍 2.2. 概念 2.3. 创建新表 2.4. 向表中添加行 2.5. 查询一个表 2.6. 表间链接 2.7. 聚集函数 2.8. 更新 2.9. 删除 章3. 高级特性 3.1. 介绍 3.2. 视图 3.3. 外键 3.4. 事务 3.5. 窗口函数 3.6. 继承 3.7. 结论 II. SQL语言 章4. SQL语法 4.1. 词法结构 4.2. 值表达式 4.3. 调用函数 章5. 数据定义 5.1. 表的基本概念 5.2. 缺省值 5.3. 约束 5.4. 系统字段 5.5. 修改表 5.6. 权限 5.7. 模式 5.8. 继承 5.9. 分区 5.10. 其它数据库对象 5.11. 依赖性跟踪 章 6. 数据操作 6.1. 插入数据 6.2. 更新数据 6.3. 删除数据 章7. 查询 7.1. 概述 7.2. 表表达式 7.3. 选择列表 7.4. 组合查询 7.5. 行排序 7.6. LIMIT和OFFSET 7.7. VALUES列表 7.8. WITH的查询(公用表表达式) 章8. 数据类型 8.1. 数值类型 8.2. 货币类型 8.3. 字符类型 8.4. 二进制数据类型 8.5. 日期/时间类型 8.6. 布尔类型 8.7. 枚举类型 8.8. 几何类型 8.9. 网络地址类型 8.10. 位串类型 8.11. 文本搜索类型 8.12. UUID类型 8.13. XML类型 8.14. 数组 8.15. 复合类型 8.16. 对象标识符类型 8.17. 伪类型 章 9. 函数和操作符 9.1. 逻辑操作符 9.2. 比较操作符 9.3. 数学函数和操作符 9.4. 字符串函数和操作符 9.5. 二进制字符串函数和操作符 9.6. 位串函数和操作符 9.7. 模式匹配 9.8. 数据类型格式化函数 9.9. 时间/日期函数和操作符 9.10. 支持枚举函数 9.11. 几何函数和操作符 9.12. 网络地址函数和操作符 9.13. 文本检索函数和操作符 9.14. XML函数 9.15. 序列操作函数 9.16. 条件表达式 9.17. 数组函数和操作符 9.18. 聚合函数 9.19. 窗口函数 9.20. 子查询表达式 9.21. 行和数组比较 9.22. 返回集合的函数 9.23. 系统信息函数 9.24. 系统管理函数 9.25. 触发器函数 章10. 类型转换 10.3. 函数 10.2. 操作符 10.1. 概述 10.4. 值存储 10.5. UNION 章11. 索引 11.1. 介绍 11.2. 索引类型 11.3. 多字段索引 11.4. 索引和ORDER BY 11.5. 组合多个索引 11.6. 唯一索引 11.7. 表达式上的索引 11.8. 部分索引 11.9. 操作类和操作簇 11.10. 检查索引的使用 章12. Full Text Search 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Tables and Indexes 12.3. Controlling Text Search 12.4. Additional Features 12.5. Parsers 12.6. Dictionaries 12.7. Configuration Example 12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search 12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types 12.10. psql Support 12.11. Limitations 12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search 章13. 并发控制 13.1. 介绍 13.2. 事务隔离 13.3. 明确锁定 13.4. 应用层数据完整性检查 13.5. 锁和索引 章14. 性能提升技巧 14.1. 使用EXPLAIN 14.2. 规划器使用的统计信息 14.3. 用明确的JOIN语句控制规划器 14.4. 向数据库中添加记录 14.5. 非持久性设置 III. 服务器管理 章15. 安装指导 15.1. 简版 15.2. 要求 15.3. 获取源码 15.4. 升级 15.5. 安装过程 15.6. 安装后的设置 15.7. 支持的平台 15.8. 特殊平台的要求 章16. Installation from Source Code on Windows 16.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Platform SDK 16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++ 章17. 服务器安装和操作 17.1. PostgreSQL用户帐户 17.2. 创建数据库集群 17.3. 启动数据库服务器 17.4. 管理内核资源 17.5. 关闭服务 17.6. 防止服务器欺骗 17.7. 加密选项 17.8. 用SSL进行安全的TCP/IP连接 17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels 章18. 服务器配置 18.1. 设置参数 18.2. 文件位置 18.3. 连接和认证 18.4. 资源消耗 18.5. 预写式日志 18.6. 查询规划 18.7. 错误报告和日志 18.8. 运行时统计 18.9. 自动清理 18.10. 客户端连接缺省 18.12. 版本和平台兼容性 18.11. 锁管理 18.13. 预置选项 18.14. 自定义的选项 18.15. 开发人员选项 18.16. 短选项 章19. 用户认证 19.1. pg_hba.conf 文件 19.2. 用户名映射 19.3. 认证方法 19.4. 用户认证 章20. 数据库角色和权限 20.1. 数据库角色 20.2. 角色属性 20.3. 权限 20.4. 角色成员 20.5. 函数和触发器 章21. 管理数据库 21.1. 概述 21.2. 创建一个数据库 21.3. 临时库 21.4. 数据库配置 21.5. 删除数据库 21.6. 表空间 章22. 本土化 22.1. 区域支持 22.2. 字符集支持 章23. 日常数据库维护工作 23.1. Routine Vacuuming日常清理 23.2. 经常重建索引 23.3. 日志文件维护 章24. 备份和恢复 24.1. SQL转储 24.2. 文件系统级别的备份 24.3. 在线备份以及即时恢复(PITR) 24.4. 版本间迁移 章25. 高可用性与负载均衡,复制 25.1. 不同解决方案的比较 25.2. 日志传送备份服务器 25.3. 失效切换 25.4. 日志传送的替代方法 25.5. 热备 章26. 恢复配置 26.1. 归档恢复设置 26.2. 恢复目标设置 26.3. 备服务器设置 章27. 监控数据库的活动 27.1. 标准Unix工具 27.2. 统计收集器 27.3. 查看锁 27.4. 动态跟踪 章28. 监控磁盘使用情况 28.1. 判断磁盘的使用量 28.2. 磁盘满导致的失效 章29. 可靠性和预写式日志 29.1. 可靠性 29.2. 预写式日志(WAL) 29.3. 异步提交 29.4. WAL配置 29.5. WAL内部 章30. Regression Tests 30.1. Running the Tests 30.2. Test Evaluation 30.3. Variant Comparison Files 30.4. Test Coverage Examination IV. 客户端接口 章31. libpq-C库 31.1. 数据库联接函数 31.2. 连接状态函数 31.3. 命令执行函数 31.4. 异步命令处理 31.5. 取消正在处理的查询 31.6. 捷径接口 31.7. 异步通知 31.8. 与COPY命令相关的函数 31.9. Control Functions 控制函数 31.10. 其他函数 31.11. 注意信息处理 31.12. 事件系统 31.13. 环境变量 31.14. 口令文件 31.15. 连接服务的文件 31.16. LDAP查找连接参数 31.17. SSL支持 31.18. 在多线程程序里的行为 31.19. 制作libpq程序 31.20. 例子程序 章32. 大对象 32.1. 介绍 32.2. 实现特点 32.3. 客户端接口 32.4. 服务器端函数 32.5. 例子程序 章33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C 33.1. The Concept 33.2. Connecting to the Database Server 33.3. Closing a Connection 33.4. Running SQL Commands 33.5. Choosing a Connection 33.6. Using Host Variables 33.7. Dynamic SQL 33.8. pgtypes library 33.9. Using Descriptor Areas 33.10. Informix compatibility mode 33.11. Error Handling 33.12. Preprocessor directives 33.13. Processing Embedded SQL Programs 33.14. Library Functions 33.15. Internals 章34. 信息模式 34.1. 关于这个模式 34.2. 数据类型 34.3. information_schema_catalog_name 34.4. administrable_role_authorizations 34.5. applicable_roles 34.6. attributes 34.7. check_constraint_routine_usage 34.8. check_constraints 34.9. column_domain_usage 34.10. column_privileges 34.11. column_udt_usage 34.12. 字段 34.13. constraint_column_usage 34.14. constraint_table_usage 34.15. data_type_privileges 34.16. domain_constraints 34.18. domains 34.17. domain_udt_usage 34.19. element_types 34.20. enabled_roles 34.21. foreign_data_wrapper_options 34.22. foreign_data_wrappers 34.23. foreign_server_options 34.24. foreign_servers 34.25. key_column_usage 34.26. parameters 34.27. referential_constraints 34.28. role_column_grants 34.29. role_routine_grants 34.30. role_table_grants 34.31. role_usage_grants 34.32. routine_privileges 34.33. routines 34.34. schemata 34.35. sequences 34.36. sql_features 34.37. sql_implementation_info 34.38. sql_languages 34.39. sql_packages 34.40. sql_parts 34.41. sql_sizing 34.42. sql_sizing_profiles 34.43. table_constraints 34.44. table_privileges 34.45. tables 34.46. triggered_update_columns 34.47. 触发器 34.48. usage_privileges 34.49. user_mapping_options 34.50. user_mappings 34.51. view_column_usage 34.52. view_routine_usage 34.53. view_table_usage 34.54. 视图 V. 服务器端编程 章35. 扩展SQL 35.1. 扩展性是如何实现的 35.2. PostgreSQL类型系统 35.3. User-Defined Functions 35.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions 35.5. Function Overloading 35.6. Function Volatility Categories 35.7. Procedural Language Functions 35.8. Internal Functions 35.9. C-Language Functions 35.10. User-Defined Aggregates 35.11. User-Defined Types 35.12. User-Defined Operators 35.13. Operator Optimization Information 35.14. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes 35.15. 用C++扩展 章36. 触发器 36.1. 触发器行为概述 36.3. 用 C 写触发器 36.2. 数据改变的可视性 36.4. 一个完整的例子 章37. 规则系统 37.1. The Query Tree 37.2. 视图和规则系统 37.3. 在INSERT,UPDATE和DELETE上的规则 37.4. 规则和权限 37.5. 规则和命令状态 37.6. 规则与触发器得比较 章38. Procedural Languages 38.1. Installing Procedural Languages 章39. PL/pgSQL - SQL过程语言 39.1. 概述 39.2. PL/pgSQL的结构 39.3. 声明 39.4. 表达式 39.5. 基本语句 39.6. 控制结构 39.7. 游标 39.8. 错误和消息 39.9. 触发器过程 39.10. PL/pgSQL Under the Hood 39.11. 开发PL/pgSQL的一些提示 39.12. 从OraclePL/SQL 进行移植 章40. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language 40.1. Overview 40.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments 40.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl 40.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl 40.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl 40.6. Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl 40.7. Modules and the unknown command 40.8. Tcl Procedure Names 章41. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language 41.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments 41.2. Data Values in PL/Perl 41.3. Built-in Functions 41.4. Global Values in PL/Perl 41.6. PL/Perl Triggers 41.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl 41.7. PL/Perl Under the Hood 章42. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language 42.1. Python 2 vs. Python 3 42.2. PL/Python Functions 42.3. Data Values 42.4. Sharing Data 42.5. Anonymous Code Blocks 42.6. Trigger Functions 42.7. Database Access 42.8. Utility Functions 42.9. Environment Variables 章43. Server Programming Interface 43.1. Interface Functions Spi-spi-connect Spi-spi-finish Spi-spi-push Spi-spi-pop Spi-spi-execute Spi-spi-exec Spi-spi-execute-with-args Spi-spi-prepare Spi-spi-prepare-cursor Spi-spi-prepare-params Spi-spi-getargcount Spi-spi-getargtypeid Spi-spi-is-cursor-plan Spi-spi-execute-plan Spi-spi-execute-plan-with-paramlist Spi-spi-execp Spi-spi-cursor-open Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-args Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-paramlist Spi-spi-cursor-find Spi-spi-cursor-fetch Spi-spi-cursor-move Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-fetch Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-move Spi-spi-cursor-close Spi-spi-saveplan 43.2. Interface Support Functions Spi-spi-fname Spi-spi-fnumber Spi-spi-getvalue Spi-spi-getbinval Spi-spi-gettype Spi-spi-gettypeid Spi-spi-getrelname Spi-spi-getnspname 43.3. Memory Management Spi-spi-palloc Spi-realloc Spi-spi-pfree Spi-spi-copytuple Spi-spi-returntuple Spi-spi-modifytuple Spi-spi-freetuple Spi-spi-freetupletable Spi-spi-freeplan 43.4. Visibility of Data Changes 43.5. Examples VI. 参考手册 I. SQL命令 Sql-abort Sql-alteraggregate Sql-alterconversion Sql-alterdatabase Sql-alterdefaultprivileges Sql-alterdomain Sql-alterforeigndatawrapper Sql-alterfunction Sql-altergroup Sql-alterindex Sql-alterlanguage Sql-alterlargeobject Sql-alteroperator Sql-alteropclass Sql-alteropfamily Sql-alterrole Sql-alterschema Sql-altersequence Sql-alterserver Sql-altertable Sql-altertablespace Sql-altertsconfig Sql-altertsdictionary Sql-altertsparser Sql-altertstemplate Sql-altertrigger Sql-altertype Sql-alteruser Sql-alterusermapping Sql-alterview Sql-analyze Sql-begin Sql-checkpoint Sql-close Sql-cluster Sql-comment Sql-commit Sql-commit-prepared Sql-copy Sql-createaggregate Sql-createcast Sql-createconstraint Sql-createconversion Sql-createdatabase Sql-createdomain Sql-createforeigndatawrapper Sql-createfunction Sql-creategroup Sql-createindex Sql-createlanguage Sql-createoperator Sql-createopclass Sql-createopfamily Sql-createrole Sql-createrule Sql-createschema Sql-createsequence Sql-createserver Sql-createtable Sql-createtableas Sql-createtablespace Sql-createtsconfig Sql-createtsdictionary Sql-createtsparser Sql-createtstemplate Sql-createtrigger Sql-createtype Sql-createuser Sql-createusermapping Sql-createview Sql-deallocate Sql-declare Sql-delete Sql-discard Sql-do Sql-dropaggregate Sql-dropcast Sql-dropconversion Sql-dropdatabase Sql-dropdomain Sql-dropforeigndatawrapper Sql-dropfunction Sql-dropgroup Sql-dropindex Sql-droplanguage Sql-dropoperator Sql-dropopclass Sql-dropopfamily Sql-drop-owned Sql-droprole Sql-droprule Sql-dropschema Sql-dropsequence Sql-dropserver Sql-droptable Sql-droptablespace Sql-droptsconfig Sql-droptsdictionary Sql-droptsparser Sql-droptstemplate Sql-droptrigger Sql-droptype Sql-dropuser Sql-dropusermapping Sql-dropview Sql-end Sql-execute Sql-explain Sql-fetch Sql-grant Sql-insert Sql-listen Sql-load Sql-lock Sql-move Sql-notify Sql-prepare Sql-prepare-transaction Sql-reassign-owned Sql-reindex Sql-release-savepoint Sql-reset Sql-revoke Sql-rollback Sql-rollback-prepared Sql-rollback-to Sql-savepoint Sql-select Sql-selectinto Sql-set Sql-set-constraints Sql-set-role Sql-set-session-authorization Sql-set-transaction Sql-show Sql-start-transaction Sql-truncate Sql-unlisten Sql-update Sql-vacuum Sql-values II. 客户端应用程序 App-clusterdb App-createdb App-createlang App-createuser App-dropdb App-droplang App-dropuser App-ecpg App-pgconfig App-pgdump App-pg-dumpall App-pgrestore App-psql App-reindexdb App-vacuumdb III. PostgreSQL服务器应用程序 App-initdb App-pgcontroldata App-pg-ctl App-pgresetxlog App-postgres App-postmaster VII. 内部 章44. PostgreSQL内部概览 44.1. 查询路径 44.2. 连接是如何建立起来的 44.3. 分析器阶段 44.4. ThePostgreSQL规则系统 44.5. 规划器/优化器 44.6. 执行器 章45. 系统表 45.1. 概述 45.2. pg_aggregate 45.3. pg_am 45.4. pg_amop 45.5. pg_amproc 45.6. pg_attrdef 45.7. pg_attribute 45.8. pg_authid 45.9. pg_auth_members 45.10. pg_cast 45.11. pg_class 45.12. pg_constraint 45.13. pg_conversion 45.14. pg_database 45.15. pg_db_role_setting 45.16. pg_default_acl 45.17. pg_depend 45.18. pg_description 45.19. pg_enum 45.20. pg_foreign_data_wrapper 45.21. pg_foreign_server 45.22. pg_index 45.23. pg_inherits 45.24. pg_language 45.25. pg_largeobject 45.26. pg_largeobject_metadata 45.27. pg_namespace 45.28. pg_opclass 45.29. pg_operator 45.30. pg_opfamily 45.31. pg_pltemplate 45.32. pg_proc 45.33. pg_rewrite 45.34. pg_shdepend 45.35. pg_shdescription 45.36. pg_statistic 45.37. pg_tablespace 45.38. pg_trigger 45.39. pg_ts_config 45.40. pg_ts_config_map 45.41. pg_ts_dict 45.42. pg_ts_parser 45.43. pg_ts_template 45.44. pg_type 45.45. pg_user_mapping 45.46. System Views 45.47. pg_cursors 45.48. pg_group 45.49. pg_indexes 45.50. pg_locks 45.51. pg_prepared_statements 45.52. pg_prepared_xacts 45.53. pg_roles 45.54. pg_rules 45.55. pg_settings 45.56. pg_shadow 45.57. pg_stats 45.58. pg_tables 45.59. pg_timezone_abbrevs 45.60. pg_timezone_names 45.61. pg_user 45.62. pg_user_mappings 45.63. pg_views 章46. Frontend/Backend Protocol 46.1. Overview 46.2. Message Flow 46.3. Streaming Replication Protocol 46.4. Message Data Types 46.5. Message Formats 46.6. Error and Notice Message Fields 46.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0 47. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions 47.1. Formatting 47.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server 47.3. Error Message Style Guide 章48. Native Language Support 48.1. For the Translator 48.2. For the Programmer 章49. Writing A Procedural Language Handler 章50. Genetic Query Optimizer 50.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem 50.2. Genetic Algorithms 50.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL 50.4. Further Reading 章51. 索引访问方法接口定义 51.1. 索引的系统表记录 51.2. 索引访问方法函数 51.3. 索引扫描 51.4. 索引锁的考量 51.5. 索引唯一性检查 51.6. 索引开销估计函数 章52. GiST Indexes 52.1. Introduction 52.2. Extensibility 52.3. Implementation 52.4. Examples 52.5. Crash Recovery 章53. GIN Indexes 53.1. Introduction 53.2. Extensibility 53.3. Implementation 53.4. GIN tips and tricks 53.5. Limitations 53.6. Examples 章54. 数据库物理存储 54.1. 数据库文件布局 54.2. TOAST 54.3. 自由空间映射 54.4. 可见映射 54.5. 数据库分页文件 章55. BKI后端接口 55.1. BKI 文件格式 55.2. BKI命令 55.3. 系统初始化的BKI文件的结构 55.4. 例子 章56. 规划器如何使用统计信息 56.1. 行预期的例子 VIII. 附录 A. PostgreSQL错误代码 B. 日期/时间支持 B.1. 日期/时间输入解析 B.2. 日期/时间关键字 B.3. 日期/时间配置文件 B.4. 日期单位的历史 C. SQL关键字 D. SQL Conformance D.1. Supported Features D.2. Unsupported Features E. Release Notes Release-0-01 Release-0-02 Release-0-03 Release-1-0 Release-1-01 Release-1-02 Release-1-09 Release-6-0 Release-6-1 Release-6-1-1 Release-6-2 Release-6-2-1 Release-6-3 Release-6-3-1 Release-6-3-2 Release-6-4 Release-6-4-1 Release-6-4-2 Release-6-5 Release-6-5-1 Release-6-5-2 Release-6-5-3 Release-7-0 Release-7-0-1 Release-7-0-2 Release-7-0-3 Release-7-1 Release-7-1-1 Release-7-1-2 Release-7-1-3 Release-7-2 Release-7-2-1 Release-7-2-2 Release-7-2-3 Release-7-2-4 Release-7-2-5 Release-7-2-6 Release-7-2-7 Release-7-2-8 Release-7-3 Release-7-3-1 Release-7-3-10 Release-7-3-11 Release-7-3-12 Release-7-3-13 Release-7-3-14 Release-7-3-15 Release-7-3-16 Release-7-3-17 Release-7-3-18 Release-7-3-19 Release-7-3-2 Release-7-3-20 Release-7-3-21 Release-7-3-3 Release-7-3-4 Release-7-3-5 Release-7-3-6 Release-7-3-7 Release-7-3-8 Release-7-3-9 Release-7-4 Release-7-4-1 Release-7-4-10 Release-7-4-11 Release-7-4-12 Release-7-4-13 Release-7-4-14 Release-7-4-15 Release-7-4-16 Release-7-4-17 Release-7-4-18 Release-7-4-19 Release-7-4-2 Release-7-4-20 Release-7-4-21 Release-7-4-22 Release-7-4-23 Release-7-4-24 Release-7-4-25 Release-7-4-26 Release-7-4-27 Release-7-4-28 Release-7-4-29 Release-7-4-3 Release-7-4-30 Release-7-4-4 Release-7-4-5 Release-7-4-6 Release-7-4-7 Release-7-4-8 Release-7-4-9 Release-8-0 Release-8-0-1 Release-8-0-10 Release-8-0-11 Release-8-0-12 Release-8-0-13 Release-8-0-14 Release-8-0-15 Release-8-0-16 Release-8-0-17 Release-8-0-18 Release-8-0-19 Release-8-0-2 Release-8-0-20 Release-8-0-21 Release-8-0-22 Release-8-0-23 Release-8-0-24 Release-8-0-25 Release-8-0-26 Release-8-0-3 Release-8-0-4 Release-8-0-5 Release-8-0-6 Release-8-0-7 Release-8-0-8 Release-8-0-9 Release-8-1 Release-8-1-1 Release-8-1-10 Release-8-1-11 Release-8-1-12 Release-8-1-13 Release-8-1-14 Release-8-1-15 Release-8-1-16 Release-8-1-17 Release-8-1-18 Release-8-1-19 Release-8-1-2 Release-8-1-20 Release-8-1-21 Release-8-1-22 Release-8-1-23 Release-8-1-3 Release-8-1-4 Release-8-1-5 Release-8-1-6 Release-8-1-7 Release-8-1-8 Release-8-1-9 Release-8-2 Release-8-2-1 Release-8-2-10 Release-8-2-11 Release-8-2-12 Release-8-2-13 Release-8-2-14 Release-8-2-15 Release-8-2-16 Release-8-2-17 Release-8-2-18 Release-8-2-19 Release-8-2-2 Release-8-2-20 Release-8-2-21 Release-8-2-3 Release-8-2-4 Release-8-2-5 Release-8-2-6 Release-8-2-7 Release-8-2-8 Release-8-2-9 Release-8-3 Release-8-3-1 Release-8-3-10 Release-8-3-11 Release-8-3-12 Release-8-3-13 Release-8-3-14 Release-8-3-15 Release-8-3-2 Release-8-3-3 Release-8-3-4 Release-8-3-5 Release-8-3-6 Release-8-3-7 Release-8-3-8 Release-8-3-9 Release-8-4 Release-8-4-1 Release-8-4-2 Release-8-4-3 Release-8-4-4 Release-8-4-5 Release-8-4-6 Release-8-4-7 Release-8-4-8 Release-9-0 Release-9-0-1 Release-9-0-2 Release-9-0-3 Release-9-0-4 F. 额外提供的模块 F.1. adminpack F.2. auto_explain F.3. btree_gin F.4. btree_gist F.5. chkpass F.6. citext F.7. cube F.8. dblink Contrib-dblink-connect Contrib-dblink-connect-u Contrib-dblink-disconnect Contrib-dblink Contrib-dblink-exec Contrib-dblink-open Contrib-dblink-fetch Contrib-dblink-close Contrib-dblink-get-connections Contrib-dblink-error-message Contrib-dblink-send-query Contrib-dblink-is-busy Contrib-dblink-get-notify Contrib-dblink-get-result Contrib-dblink-cancel-query Contrib-dblink-get-pkey Contrib-dblink-build-sql-insert Contrib-dblink-build-sql-delete Contrib-dblink-build-sql-update F.9. dict_int F.10. dict_xsyn F.11. earthdistance F.12. fuzzystrmatch F.13. hstore F.14. intagg F.15. intarray F.16. isn F.17. lo F.18. ltree F.19. oid2name F.20. pageinspect F.21. passwordcheck F.22. pg_archivecleanup F.23. pgbench F.24. pg_buffercache F.25. pgcrypto F.26. pg_freespacemap F.27. pgrowlocks F.28. pg_standby F.29. pg_stat_statements F.30. pgstattuple F.31. pg_trgm F.32. pg_upgrade F.33. seg F.34. spi F.35. sslinfo F.36. tablefunc F.37. test_parser F.38. tsearch2 F.39. unaccent F.40. uuid-ossp F.41. vacuumlo F.42. xml2 G. 外部项目 G.1. 客户端接口 G.2. 过程语言 G.3. 扩展 H. The Source Code Repository H.1. Getting The Source Via Git I. 文档 I.1. DocBook I.2. 工具集 I.3. 制作文档 I.4. 文档写作 I.5. 风格指导 J. 首字母缩略词 参考书目 Bookindex Index
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E.156. Release 7.3

Release date: 2002-11-27

E.156.1. Overview

Major changes in this release:

Schemas

Schemas allow users to create objects in separate namespaces, so two people or applications can have tables with the same name. There is also a public schema for shared tables. Table/index creation can be restricted by removing privileges on the public schema.

Drop Column

PostgreSQL now supports the ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN functionality.

Table Functions

Functions returning multiple rows and/or multiple columns are now much easier to use than before. You can call such a "table function" in the SELECT FROM clause, treating its output like a table. Also, PL/pgSQL functions can now return sets.

Prepared Queries

PostgreSQL now supports prepared queries, for improved performance.

Dependency Tracking

PostgreSQL now records object dependencies, which allows improvements in many areas. DROP statements now take either CASCADE or RESTRICT to control whether dependent objects are also dropped.

Privileges

Functions and procedural languages now have privileges, and functions can be defined to run with the privileges of their creator.

Internationalization

Both multibyte and locale support are now always enabled.

Logging

A variety of logging options have been enhanced.

Interfaces

A large number of interfaces have been moved to http://gborg.postgresql.org where they can be developed and released independently.

Functions/Identifiers

By default, functions can now take up to 32 parameters, and identifiers can be up to 63 bytes long. Also, OPAQUE is now deprecated: there are specific "pseudo-datatypes" to represent each of the former meanings of OPAQUE in function argument and result types.

E.156.2. Migration to Version 7.3

A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release. If your application examines the system catalogs, additional changes will be required due to the introduction of schemas in 7.3; for more information, see: http://developer.postgresql.org/~momjian/upgrade_tips_7.3.

Observe the following incompatibilities:

  • Pre-6.3 clients are no longer supported.

  • pg_hba.conf now has a column for the user name and additional features. Existing files need to be adjusted.

  • Several postgresql.conf logging parameters have been renamed.

  • LIMIT #,# has been disabled; use LIMIT # OFFSET #.

  • INSERT statements with column lists must specify a value for each specified column. For example, INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1') is now invalid. It's still allowed to supply fewer columns than expected if the INSERT does not have a column list.

  • serial columns are no longer automatically UNIQUE; thus, an index will not automatically be created.

  • A SET command inside an aborted transaction is now rolled back.

  • COPY no longer considers missing trailing columns to be null. All columns need to be specified. (However, one can achieve a similar effect by specifying a column list in the COPY command.)

  • The data type timestamp is now equivalent to timestamp without time zone, instead of timestamp with time zone.

  • Pre-7.3 databases loaded into 7.3 will not have the new object dependencies for serial columns, unique constraints, and foreign keys. See the directory contrib/adddepend/ for a detailed description and a script that will add such dependencies.

  • An empty string ('') is no longer allowed as the input into an integer field. Formerly, it was silently interpreted as 0.

E.156.3. Changes

E.156.3.1. Server Operation

  • Add pg_locks view to show locks (Neil)

  • Security fixes for password negotiation memory allocation (Neil)

  • Remove support for version 0 FE/BE protocol (PostgreSQL 6.2 and earlier) (Tom)

  • Reserve the last few backend slots for superusers, add parameter superuser_reserved_connections to control this (Nigel J. Andrews)

E.156.3.2. Performance

  • Improve startup by calling localtime() only once (Tom)

  • Cache system catalog information in flat files for faster startup (Tom)

  • Improve caching of index information (Tom)

  • Optimizer improvements (Tom, Fernando Nasser)

  • Catalog caches now store failed lookups (Tom)

  • Hash function improvements (Neil)

  • Improve performance of query tokenization and network handling (Peter)

  • Speed improvement for large object restore (Mario Weilguni)

  • Mark expired index entries on first lookup, saving later heap fetches (Tom)

  • Avoid excessive NULL bitmap padding (Manfred Koizar)

  • Add BSD-licensed qsort() for Solaris, for performance (Bruce)

  • Reduce per-row overhead by four bytes (Manfred Koizar)

  • Fix GEQO optimizer bug (Neil Conway)

  • Make WITHOUT OID actually save four bytes per row (Manfred Koizar)

  • Add default_statistics_target variable to specify ANALYZE buckets (Neil)

  • Use local buffer cache for temporary tables so no WAL overhead (Tom)

  • Improve free space map performance on large tables (Stephen Marshall, Tom)

  • Improved WAL write concurrency (Tom)

E.156.3.3. Privileges

  • Add privileges on functions and procedural languages (Peter)

  • Add OWNER to CREATE DATABASE so superusers can create databases on behalf of unprivileged users (Gavin Sherry, Tom)

  • Add new object privilege bits EXECUTE and USAGE (Tom)

  • Add SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT and RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION (Tom)

  • Allow functions to be executed with the privilege of the function owner (Peter)

E.156.3.4. Server Configuration

  • Server log messages now tagged with LOG, not DEBUG (Bruce)

  • Add user column to pg_hba.conf (Bruce)

  • Have log_connections output two lines in log file (Tom)

  • Remove debug_level from postgresql.conf, now server_min_messages (Bruce)

  • New ALTER DATABASE/USER ... SET command for per-user/database initialization (Peter)

  • New parameters server_min_messages and client_min_messages to control which messages are sent to the server logs or client applications (Bruce)

  • Allow pg_hba.conf to specify lists of users/databases separated by commas, group names prepended with +, and file names prepended with @ (Bruce)

  • Remove secondary password file capability and pg_password utility (Bruce)

  • Add variable db_user_namespace for database-local user names (Bruce)

  • SSL improvements (Bear Giles)

  • Make encryption of stored passwords the default (Bruce)

  • Allow pg_statistics to be reset by calling pg_stat_reset() (Christopher)

  • Add log_duration parameter (Bruce)

  • Rename debug_print_query to log_statement (Bruce)

  • Rename show_query_stats to show_statement_stats (Bruce)

  • Add param log_min_error_statement to print commands to logs on error (Gavin)

E.156.3.5. Queries

  • Make cursors insensitive, meaning their contents do not change (Tom)

  • Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)

  • Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)

  • UNION fixes for merging >= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)

  • Add DEFAULT key word to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)

  • Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)

  • Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1'); (Rod)

  • Fix for join aliases (Tom)

  • Fix for FULL OUTER JOINs (Tom)

  • Improve reporting of invalid identifier and location (Tom, Gavin)

  • Fix OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)

  • Allow 'ctid' to be used in a view and currtid(viewname) (Hiroshi)

  • Fix for CREATE TABLE AS with UNION (Tom)

  • SQL99 syntax improvements (Thomas)

  • Add statement_timeout variable to cancel queries (Bruce)

  • Allow prepared queries with PREPARE/EXECUTE (Neil)

  • Allow FOR UPDATE to appear after LIMIT/OFFSET (Bruce)

  • Add variable autocommit (Tom, David Van Wie)

E.156.3.6. Object Manipulation

  • Make equals signs optional in CREATE DATABASE (Gavin Sherry)

  • Make ALTER TABLE OWNER change index ownership too (Neil)

  • New ALTER TABLE tabname ALTER COLUMN colname SET STORAGE controls TOAST storage, compression (John Gray)

  • Add schema support, CREATE/DROP SCHEMA (Tom)

  • Create schema for temporary tables (Tom)

  • Add variable search_path for schema search (Tom)

  • Add ALTER TABLE SET/DROP NOT NULL (Christopher)

  • New CREATE FUNCTION volatility levels (Tom)

  • Make rule names unique only per table (Tom)

  • Add 'ON tablename' clause to DROP RULE and COMMENT ON RULE (Tom)

  • Add ALTER TRIGGER RENAME (Joe)

  • New current_schema() and current_schemas() inquiry functions (Tom)

  • Allow functions to return multiple rows (table functions) (Joe)

  • Make WITH optional in CREATE DATABASE, for consistency (Bruce)

  • Add object dependency tracking (Rod, Tom)

  • Add RESTRICT/CASCADE to DROP commands (Rod)

  • Add ALTER TABLE DROP for non-CHECK CONSTRAINT (Rod)

  • Autodestroy sequence on DROP of table with SERIAL (Rod)

  • Prevent column dropping if column is used by foreign key (Rod)

  • Automatically drop constraints/functions when object is dropped (Rod)

  • Add CREATE/DROP OPERATOR CLASS (Bill Studenmund, Tom)

  • Add ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (Christopher, Tom, Hiroshi)

  • Prevent inherited columns from being removed or renamed (Alvaro Herrera)

  • Fix foreign key constraints to not error on intermediate database states (Stephan)

  • Propagate column or table renaming to foreign key constraints

  • Add CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW (Gavin, Neil, Tom)

  • Add CREATE OR REPLACE RULE (Gavin, Neil, Tom)

  • Have rules execute alphabetically, returning more predictable values (Tom)

  • Triggers are now fired in alphabetical order (Tom)

  • Add /contrib/adddepend to handle pre-7.3 object dependencies (Rod)

  • Allow better casting when inserting/updating values (Tom)

E.156.3.7. Utility Commands

  • Have COPY TO output embedded carriage returns and newlines as \r and \n (Tom)

  • Allow DELIMITER in COPY FROM to be 8-bit clean (Tatsuo)

  • Make pg_dump use ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY, for performance (Neil)

  • Disable brackets in multistatement rules (Bruce)

  • Disable VACUUM from being called inside a function (Bruce)

  • Allow dropdb and other scripts to use identifiers with spaces (Bruce)

  • Restrict database comment changes to the current database

  • Allow comments on operators, independent of the underlying function (Rod)

  • Rollback SET commands in aborted transactions (Tom)

  • EXPLAIN now outputs as a query (Tom)

  • Display condition expressions and sort keys in EXPLAIN (Tom)

  • Add 'SET LOCAL var = value' to set configuration variables for a single transaction (Tom)

  • Allow ANALYZE to run in a transaction (Bruce)

  • Improve COPY syntax using new WITH clauses, keep backward compatibility (Bruce)

  • Fix pg_dump to consistently output tags in non-ASCII dumps (Bruce)

  • Make foreign key constraints clearer in dump file (Rod)

  • Add COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT (Rod)

  • Allow COPY TO/FROM to specify column names (Brent Verner)

  • Dump UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints as ALTER TABLE (Rod)

  • Have SHOW output a query result (Joe)

  • Generate failure on short COPY lines rather than pad NULLs (Neil)

  • Fix CLUSTER to preserve all table attributes (Alvaro Herrera)

  • New pg_settings table to view/modify GUC settings (Joe)

  • Add smart quoting, portability improvements to pg_dump output (Peter)

  • Dump serial columns out as SERIAL (Tom)

  • Enable large file support, >2G for pg_dump (Peter, Philip Warner, Bruce)

  • Disallow TRUNCATE on tables that are involved in referential constraints (Rod)

  • Have TRUNCATE also auto-truncate the toast table of the relation (Tom)

  • Add clusterdb utility that will auto-cluster an entire database based on previous CLUSTER operations (Alvaro Herrera)

  • Overhaul pg_dumpall (Peter)

  • Allow REINDEX of TOAST tables (Tom)

  • Implemented START TRANSACTION, per SQL99 (Neil)

  • Fix rare index corruption when a page split affects bulk delete (Tom)

  • Fix ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN for inheritance (Alvaro Herrera)

E.156.3.8. Data Types and Functions

  • Fix factorial(0) to return 1 (Bruce)

  • Date/time/timezone improvements (Thomas)

  • Fix for array slice extraction (Tom)

  • Fix extract/date_part to report proper microseconds for timestamp (Tatsuo)

  • Allow text_substr() and bytea_substr() to read TOAST values more efficiently (John Gray)

  • Add domain support (Rod)

  • Make WITHOUT TIME ZONE the default for TIMESTAMP and TIME data types (Thomas)

  • Allow alternate storage scheme of 64-bit integers for date/time types using --enable-integer-datetimes in configure (Thomas)

  • Make timezone(timestamptz) return timestamp rather than a string (Thomas)

  • Allow fractional seconds in date/time types for dates prior to 1BC (Thomas)

  • Limit timestamp data types to 6 decimal places of precision (Thomas)

  • Change timezone conversion functions from timetz() to timezone() (Thomas)

  • Add configuration variables datestyle and timezone (Tom)

  • Add OVERLAY(), which allows substitution of a substring in a string (Thomas)

  • Add SIMILAR TO (Thomas, Tom)

  • Add regular expression SUBSTRING(string FROM pat FOR escape) (Thomas)

  • Add LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP functions (Thomas)

  • Add named composite types using CREATE TYPE typename AS (column) (Joe)

  • Allow composite type definition in the table alias clause (Joe)

  • Add new API to simplify creation of C language table functions (Joe)

  • Remove ODBC-compatible empty parentheses from calls to SQL99 functions for which these parentheses do not match the standard (Thomas)

  • Allow macaddr data type to accept 12 hex digits with no separators (Mike Wyer)

  • Add CREATE/DROP CAST (Peter)

  • Add IS DISTINCT FROM operator (Thomas)

  • Add SQL99 TREAT() function, synonym for CAST() (Thomas)

  • Add pg_backend_pid() to output backend pid (Bruce)

  • Add IS OF / IS NOT OF type predicate (Thomas)

  • Allow bit string constants without fully-specified length (Thomas)

  • Allow conversion between 8-byte integers and bit strings (Thomas)

  • Implement hex literal conversion to bit string literal (Thomas)

  • Allow table functions to appear in the FROM clause (Joe)

  • Increase maximum number of function parameters to 32 (Bruce)

  • No longer automatically create index for SERIAL column (Tom)

  • Add current_database() (Rod)

  • Fix cash_words() to not overflow buffer (Tom)

  • Add functions replace(), split_part(), to_hex() (Joe)

  • Fix LIKE for bytea as a right-hand argument (Joe)

  • Prevent crashes caused by SELECT cash_out(2) (Tom)

  • Fix to_char(1,'FM999.99') to return a period (Karel)

  • Fix trigger/type/language functions returning OPAQUE to return proper type (Tom)

E.156.3.9. Internationalization

  • Add additional encodings: Korean (JOHAB), Thai (WIN874), Vietnamese (TCVN), Arabic (WIN1256), Simplified Chinese (GBK), Korean (UHC) (Eiji Tokuya)

  • Enable locale support by default (Peter)

  • Add locale variables (Peter)

  • Escape byes >= 0x7f for multibyte in PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea (Tatsuo)

  • Add locale awareness to regular expression character classes

  • Enable multibyte support by default (Tatsuo)

  • Add GB18030 multibyte support (Bill Huang)

  • Add CREATE/DROP CONVERSION, allowing loadable encodings (Tatsuo, Kaori)

  • Add pg_conversion table (Tatsuo)

  • Add SQL99 CONVERT() function (Tatsuo)

  • pg_dumpall, pg_controldata, and pg_resetxlog now national-language aware (Peter)

  • New and updated translations

E.156.3.10. Server-side Languages

  • Allow recursive SQL function (Peter)

  • Change PL/Tcl build to use configured compiler and Makefile.shlib (Peter)

  • Overhaul the PL/pgSQL FOUND variable to be more Oracle-compatible (Neil, Tom)

  • Allow PL/pgSQL to handle quoted identifiers (Tom)

  • Allow set-returning PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)

  • Make PL/pgSQL schema-aware (Joe)

  • Remove some memory leaks (Nigel J. Andrews, Tom)

E.156.3.11. psql

  • Don't lowercase psql \connect database name for 7.2.0 compatibility (Tom)

  • Add psql \timing to time user queries (Greg Sabino Mullane)

  • Have psql \d show index information (Greg Sabino Mullane)

  • New psql \dD shows domains (Jonathan Eisler)

  • Allow psql to show rules on views (Paul ?)

  • Fix for psql variable substitution (Tom)

  • Allow psql \d to show temporary table structure (Tom)

  • Allow psql \d to show foreign keys (Rod)

  • Fix \? to honor \pset pager (Bruce)

  • Have psql reports its version number on startup (Tom)

  • Allow \copy to specify column names (Tom)

E.156.3.12. libpq

  • Add ~/.pgpass to store host/user password combinations (Alvaro Herrera)

  • Add PQunescapeBytea() function to libpq (Patrick Welche)

  • Fix for sending large queries over non-blocking connections (Bernhard Herzog)

  • Fix for libpq using timers on Win9X (David Ford)

  • Allow libpq notify to handle servers with different-length identifiers (Tom)

  • Add libpq PQescapeString() and PQescapeBytea() to Windows (Bruce)

  • Fix for SSL with non-blocking connections (Jack Bates)

  • Add libpq connection timeout parameter (Denis A Ustimenko)

E.156.3.13. JDBC

  • Allow JDBC to compile with JDK 1.4 (Dave)

  • Add JDBC 3 support (Barry)

  • Allows JDBC to set loglevel by adding ?loglevel=X to the connection URL (Barry)

  • Add Driver.info() message that prints out the version number (Barry)

  • Add updateable result sets (Raghu Nidagal, Dave)

  • Add support for callable statements (Paul Bethe)

  • Add query cancel capability

  • Add refresh row (Dave)

  • Fix MD5 encryption handling for multibyte servers (Jun Kawai)

  • Add support for prepared statements (Barry)

E.156.3.14. Miscellaneous Interfaces

  • Fixed ECPG bug concerning octal numbers in single quotes (Michael)

  • Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Improve Python interface (Elliot Lee, Andrew Johnson, Greg Copeland)

  • Add libpgtcl connection close event (Gerhard Hintermayer)

  • Move src/interfaces/libpq++ to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Move src/interfaces/odbc to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc)

  • Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Move src/interfaces/perl5 to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Remove src/bin/pgaccess from main tree, now at http://www.pgaccess.org (Bruce)

  • Add pg_on_connection_loss command to libpgtcl (Gerhard Hintermayer, Tom)

E.156.3.15. Source Code

  • Fix for parallel make (Peter)

  • AIX fixes for linking Tcl (Andreas Zeugswetter)

  • Allow PL/Perl to build under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)

  • Improve MIPS compiles (Peter, Oliver Elphick)

  • Require Autoconf version 2.53 (Peter)

  • Require readline and zlib by default in configure (Peter)

  • Allow Solaris to use Intimate Shared Memory (ISM), for performance (Scott Brunza, P.J. Josh Rovero)

  • Always enable syslog in compile, remove --enable-syslog option (Tatsuo)

  • Always enable multibyte in compile, remove --enable-multibyte option (Tatsuo)

  • Always enable locale in compile, remove --enable-locale option (Peter)

  • Fix for Win9x DLL creation (Magnus Naeslund)

  • Fix for link() usage by WAL code on Windows, BeOS (Jason Tishler)

  • Add sys/types.h to c.h, remove from main files (Peter, Bruce)

  • Fix AIX hang on SMP machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)

  • AIX SMP hang fix (Tomoyuki Niijima)

  • Fix pre-1970 date handling on newer glibc libraries (Tom)

  • Fix PowerPC SMP locking (Tom)

  • Prevent gcc -ffast-math from being used (Peter, Tom)

  • Bison >= 1.50 now required for developer builds

  • Kerberos 5 support now builds with Heimdal (Peter)

  • Add appendix in the User's Guide which lists SQL features (Thomas)

  • Improve loadable module linking to use RTLD_NOW (Tom)

  • New error levels WARNING, INFO, LOG, DEBUG[1-5] (Bruce)

  • New src/port directory holds replaced libc functions (Peter, Bruce)

  • New pg_namespace system catalog for schemas (Tom)

  • Add pg_class.relnamespace for schemas (Tom)

  • Add pg_type.typnamespace for schemas (Tom)

  • Add pg_proc.pronamespace for schemas (Tom)

  • Restructure aggregates to have pg_proc entries (Tom)

  • System relations now have their own namespace, pg_* test not required (Fernando Nasser)

  • Rename TOAST index names to be *_index rather than *_idx (Neil)

  • Add namespaces for operators, opclasses (Tom)

  • Add additional checks to server control file (Thomas)

  • New Polish FAQ (Marcin Mazurek)

  • Add Posix semaphore support (Tom)

  • Document need for reindex (Bruce)

  • Rename some internal identifiers to simplify Windows compile (Jan, Katherine Ward)

  • Add documentation on computing disk space (Bruce)

  • Remove KSQO from GUC (Bruce)

  • Fix memory leak in rtree (Kenneth Been)

  • Modify a few error messages for consistency (Bruce)

  • Remove unused system table columns (Peter)

  • Make system columns NOT NULL where appropriate (Tom)

  • Clean up use of sprintf in favor of snprintf() (Neil, Jukka Holappa)

  • Remove OPAQUE and create specific subtypes (Tom)

  • Cleanups in array internal handling (Joe, Tom)

  • Disallow pg_atoi('') (Bruce)

  • Remove parameter wal_files because WAL files are now recycled (Bruce)

  • Add version numbers to heap pages (Tom)

E.156.3.16. Contrib

  • Allow inet arrays in /contrib/array (Neil)

  • GiST fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Neil)

  • Upgrade /contrib/mysql

  • Add /contrib/dbsize which shows table sizes without vacuum (Peter)

  • Add /contrib/intagg, integer aggregator routines (mlw)

  • Improve /contrib/oid2name (Neil, Bruce)

  • Improve /contrib/tsearch (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)

  • Cleanups of /contrib/rserver (Alexey V. Borzov)

  • Update /contrib/oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)

  • Update /contrib/dblink (Joe)

  • Improve options supported by /contrib/vacuumlo (Mario Weilguni)

  • Improvements to /contrib/intarray (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev, Andrey Oktyabrski)

  • Add /contrib/reindexdb utility (Shaun Thomas)

  • Add indexing to /contrib/isbn_issn (Dan Weston)

  • Add /contrib/dbmirror (Steven Singer)

  • Improve /contrib/pgbench (Neil)

  • Add /contrib/tablefunc table function examples (Joe)

  • Add /contrib/ltree data type for tree structures (Teodor Sigaev, Oleg Bartunov)

  • Move /contrib/pg_controldata, pg_resetxlog into main tree (Bruce)

  • Fixes to /contrib/cube (Bruno Wolff)

  • Improve /contrib/fulltextindex (Christopher)

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