pengenalan
Dalam bahagian siri ini, kami akan meneroka cara menghantar permintaan HTTP POST dalam golang. Kami akan memahami cara menghantar permintaan POST asas, membuat permintaan HTTP, dan menghuraikan json, menyusun ke dalam badan permintaan, menambah pengepala, dll dalam bahagian berikut siaran ini. Kami akan memahami cara menyusun struct/jenis golang ke dalam format JSON, menghantar fail dalam permintaan dan mengendalikan data borang dengan contoh setiap satu dalam artikel ini. Jom jawab beberapa soalan dulu.
Apakah permintaan POST?
Kaedah POST ialah sejenis permintaan yang digunakan untuk menghantar data ke pelayan (mesin di internet).
Bayangkan anda membuat pesanan di restoran. Dengan permintaan GET, ia sama seperti bertanya kepada pelayan, "Piza apa yang anda ada?" Pelayan akan bertindak balas dengan memberitahu anda pilihan menu (maklumat yang diperoleh daripada pelayan).
Walau bagaimanapun, permintaan POST lebih seperti memberikan pesanan anda yang lengkap kepada pelayan. Anda memberitahu mereka pizza khusus yang anda inginkan, saiznya dan sebarang topping tambahan (data yang anda hantar). Pelayan kemudian membawa maklumat ini (permintaan POS) kembali ke dapur (pelayan) untuk memprosesnya (memenuhi pesanan anda).
Dalam dunia pembangunan web, permintaan POST sering digunakan untuk perkara seperti:
Menyerahkan borang (cth., borang hubungan, borang log masuk) Memuat naik fail (cth., foto, video) Mencipta akaun baharu Menghantar data untuk diproses (cth., pembelian dalam talian)
Berikut ialah contoh rupa permintaan POST dalam senario ini:
POST /api/order HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 123
{
"userID": 123,
"orderID": 456,
"items": [
{
"itemID": 789,
"name": "Pizza",
"quantity": 2
},
{
"itemID": 999,
"name": "Burger",
"quantity": 1
}
]
}
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Dalam contoh ini:
Kaedah POST digunakan untuk menghantar data ke pelayan.
/api/order ialah titik akhir pelayan.
Aplikasi/json ialah jenis kandungan permintaan.
123 ialah panjang kandungan permintaan.
{"userID": 123, "orderID": 456, "items": [{"itemID": 789, "name": "Pizza", "quantity": 2}, {"itemID ": 999, "name": "Burger", "kuantiti": 1}]} ialah isi permintaan.
Mengapa perlu permintaan POST?
Dalam dunia permintaan HTTP, kami menggunakan kaedah POST untuk menghantar data dengan selamat daripada klien (seperti penyemak imbas pengguna) ke pelayan. Ini penting kerana kaedah GET, walaupun mudah untuk mendapatkan semula data, mempunyai had:
Bayangkan anda sedang mendaftar untuk acara melalui borang Google, anda menaip butiran anda pada halaman web seperti nama, e-mel, alamat, nombor telefon dan butiran peribadi yang lain. Jika tapak web/apl menggunakan kaedah GET untuk menghantar permintaan untuk mendaftar atau melakukan sebarang permintaan berkaitan pengesahan/privasi lain, ia boleh mendedahkan data dalam URL itu sendiri. Ia akan menjadi sesuatu di sepanjang talian https://form.google.com/register/-/?name=John&phone_number=1234567890, jika pengguna menghidu secara berniat jahat ke dalam rangkaian anda dan memeriksa URL , data anda akan didedahkan. Itulah sebabnya kita perlu POST kaedah.
Bagaimana kaedah POST berfungsi?
Permintaan POST digunakan untuk menghantar data ke pelayan untuk mencipta atau mengemas kini (terdapat kaedah berasingan untuk mengemas kini) sumber. Pelanggan (pelayar/API lain) menghantar permintaan POST ke titik akhir API pelayan dengan data dalam badan permintaan. Data ini boleh dalam format seperti JSON, XML atau data borang. Pelayan memproses permintaan POST, mengesahkan dan menghuraikan data dalam badan permintaan, membuat sebarang perubahan atau mencipta sumber berdasarkan data tersebut dan mengembalikan respons. Respons akan mengandungi kod status yang menunjukkan kejayaan atau kegagalan operasi dan mungkin mengandungi sumber yang baru dibuat atau dikemas kini dalam badan respons. Pelanggan mesti menyemak kod status respons untuk mengesahkan hasil dan memproses respons dengan sewajarnya. Tidak seperti GET, POST boleh mencipta sumber baharu pada pelayan. Badan POST mengandungi data untuk penciptaan manakala URL mengenal pasti sumber yang akan dibuat. Secara keseluruhan, POST memindahkan data ke pelayan untuk pemprosesan, penciptaan atau pengemaskinian sumber.
Kod status biasanya 201 menunjukkan sumber berjaya dibuat atau 200 untuk hanya menunjukkan kejayaan.
Beberapa langkah biasa untuk membuat dan menghantar permintaan POST sebagai pembangun termasuk:
Mentakrifkan titik akhir API
Menjelaskan format data (json, objek asli bahasa, xml , teks, form-data, dll)
Menukar / Marshalling data
Melampirkan pengepala untuk Content-Type sebagai kunci dan nilai sebagai format jenis data (cth. application/json untuk json)
Menghantar permintaan
Langkah di atas adalah umum untuk membuat dan menghantar permintaan POST, ia tidak khusus untuk Golang. Untuk langkah khusus golang, kita perlu menyelam lebih dalam, mari mulakan.
Basic POST method in Golang
To send a POST request in golang, we need to use the http package. The http package has the Post method, which takes in 3 parameters, namely the URL, the Content-Type, and the Body. The body can be nil if the URL endpoint doesn't necessarily require a body. The Content-Type is the string, since we are just touching on how the Post request is constructed, we will see what the Content-Type string value should be in the later sections.
http.Post(URL, Content-Type, Body)
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
func main() {
apiURL := "https://reqres.in/api/users"
// POST request
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "", nil)
// ideally the Content-Type header should be set to the relevant format
// resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/json", nil)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
fmt.Println(resp)
defer resp.Body.Close()
}
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$ go run main.go
201
&{
201 Created
201
HTTP/2.0
2
0
map[
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:[*]
Cf-Cache-Status:[DYNAMIC]
Cf-Ray:[861cd9aec8223e4b-BOM]
Content-Length:[50]
Content-Type:[application/json; charset=utf-8]
Date:[Sat, 09 Mar 2024 17:40:28 GMT]
Server:[cloudflare]
...
...
...
X-Powered-By:[Express]
]
{0xc00017c180}
50
[]
false
false
map[]
0xc000156000
0xc00012a420
}
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The above code is sending the POST request to the https://reqres.in/api/users endpoint with an empty body and no specific format for Content-Type header. The response is according to the Response structure. We can see we got 201 status, which indicates the server received the POST request successfully, the API is a dummy api, so we don't care about the data we are processing, we are just using the API as a placeholder for sending the POST request.
We can use map[string]interface{} it to pass the data in the request body. The json.Marshal method is used to convert the map into JSON format. We will look into the details shortly in the next few examples.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
func main() {
apiURL := "https://reqres.in/api/users"
bodyMap := map[string]interface{}{
"name": "morpheus",
"job": "leader",
}
requestBody, err := json.Marshal(bodyMap)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
body := bytes.NewBuffer(requestBody)
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/json", body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
defer resp.Body.Close()
}
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$ go run main.go
201
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The above code sends the POST request to the https://reqres.in/api/users endpoint with the data in the request body in JSON format.
Creating a POST request in Golang
We can construct the POST request with the NewRequest method. The method takes in 3 parameters, namely the method (e.g. POST, GET), the URL and the body (if there is any). We can then add extra information to the headers or the Request object after constructing the basic HTTP Request object.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
func main() {
apiURL := "https://reqres.in/api/users"
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, apiURL, nil)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
//fmt.Println(resp)
defer resp.Body.Close()
}
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$ go run main.go
201
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In the above example, we have created an HTTP Request as the POST method, with https://reqres.in/api/users as the URL, and no body. This constructs an HTTP Request object, which can be sent as the parameter to the http.DefaultClient.Do method, which is the default client for the request we sent in the earlier examples as http.Get or http.Post methods. We can implement a custom client as well, and then apply Do the method with the request parameters. The Do method returns the Request object or the error if any.
More on the customizing Client will be explained in a separate post in the series.
The response is also in the same format as the Response structure that we have seen earlier. This section of the series aims to construct a post request, and not to parse the response, we have already understood the parsing of the response in the Get method section of the series.
Parsing objects to JSON for POST method request
We might have a golang object that we want to send as a body to an API in the POST request, for that we need to convert the golang struct object to JSON. We can do this by using the Marshal or the Encode method for serialization of the golang struct object to JSON.
Using Marshal method
Marshaling is the process of converting data from a data structure into a format suitable for transmission over a network or for storage. It's commonly used to convert native objects in a programming language into a serialized format, typically a byte stream, that can be transmitted or stored efficiently. You might get a question here, what is the difference between Marshalling and Serialization? Well, Serialization, is a broader term that encompasses marshalling. It refers to the process of converting an object or data structure into a format that can be stored or transmitted and later reconstructed into the original object. Serialization may involve converting data into byte streams, XML, JSON, or other formats. So, in summary, marshaling specifically deals with converting native objects into a format suitable for transmission, while serialization encompasses the broader process of preparing data for storage or transmission.
The json package has the Marshal method that converts the golang object into JSON. The Marshal method takes in a parameter as the struct object with type any and returns a byte slice []byte and error (if any).
package main
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
type User struct {
Name string `json:"name"`
Salary int `json:"salary"`
Age int `json:"age"`
}
func main() {
user := User{
Name: "Alice",
Salary: 50000,
Age: 25,
}
apiURL := "https://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/create"
// marshalling process
// converting Go specific data structure/types to JSON
bodyBytes, err := json.Marshal(user)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(bodyBytes))
// reading json into a buffer/in-memory
body := bytes.NewBuffer(bodyBytes)
// post request
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/json", body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
defer resp.Body.Close()
}
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$ go run main.go
{"name":"Alice","salary":50000,"age":25}
200
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In the above example, we have created a struct User with fields Name, Salary, and Age, the json tags will help label each key in JSON with the tag for the respective fields in the struct. We create an object user of a type User with the values as Alice, 50000, and 25 respectively.
We call the json.Marshal method with the parameter user that represents the struct object User, the method returns a slice of bytes, or an error either or both could be nil. If we try to see the stringified representation of the byte slice, we can see something like {"name":"Alice","salary":50000,"age":25} which is a JSON string for the user struct. We can't parse the byte slice as the body in the POST request, we need the io.Reader object, so we can load the byte slice bodyBytes into a buffer and parse that as a body for the POST request.
We then send a POST request to the endpoint https://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/create with the content type as application/json and with the body as body which was a io.Reader object as an in-memory buffer.
In brief, we can summarize the marshaling of the golang object into JSON with Marshal function as the following steps:
Defining the structure as per the request body
Creating the struct object for parsing the data as body to the request
Calling the json.Marshal function to convert the object to JSON (parameter as the struct object any type)
Loading the byte slice into a buffer with bytes.NewBuffer()
Sending the POST request to the endpoint with the body as the io.Reader object and content type as application/json
Using Encode method
We can even use the Encoder.Encode method to parse the golang struct object to JSON. Firstly, we should have the struct defined as per the request body that the particular API takes, we can make use of the json tags, omitempty, omit(-) options to make the marshaling process work accordingly. We can then create the object of that particular struct with the data we require to be created as a resource with the POST request on that API service.
Thereafter we can create an empty buffer object with bytes.Buffer, this buffer object would be used to initialize the Encoder object with the NewEncoder method. This would give access to the Encode method, which is used to take in the struct object (any type) and this will populate the buffer we initialized with the NewEncoder method.
Later we can access that buffer to parse it to the Post request as the body. Let's understand it better with an example.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
type User struct {
Name string
Salary int
Age int
}
func main() {
user := User{
Name: "Alice",
Salary: 50000,
Age: 25,
}
apiURL := "https://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/create"
var bodyBuffer bytes.Buffer
var encoder = json.NewEncoder(&bodyBuffer)
err := encoder.Encode(user)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/json", &bodyBuffer)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
fmt.Println(resp)
defer resp.Body.Close()
}
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Over here, we have created a struct User with fields Name, Salary, and Age, we initialize the user as the object of the User struct. Then we create a buffer bodyBuffer of type bytes.Buffer this is the actual buffer that we will send as the body. Further, we initialize the Encoder object as encoder with the json.NewEncoder method by parsing the reference of bodyBuffer as the parameter. Since bytes.Buffer implements the io.Writer interface, we can pass the bodyBuffer to the NewEncoder method. This will create the Encoder object which in turn will give us access to the Encode method, where we will parse the struct instance and it will populate the buffer with which we initialized the Encoder object earlier.
Now, we have the encode object, this gives us the access to Encode method, we call the Encode method with the parameter of user which is a User struct instance/object. The Encode method will populate the bodyBuffer object or it will result in an error if anything goes wrong (the data is incorrectly parsed or is not in the required format).
We can call the Post method with the initialized URL, the Content-Type as application/json since we have converted the struct instance to JSON object, and the body as the reference to the buffer as &bodyBuffer
So, the steps for parsing struct instances into JSON objects with the Encoder.Encode method is as follows:
Defining the structure as per the request body
Creating the struct object for parsing the data as body to the request
Creating an empty bytes.Buffer object as an in-memory buffer
Initializing the Encoder object with NewEncoder method by parsing the reference of bodyBuffer as the parameter
Calling the Encode method with the parameter of struct instance/object
Sending the POST request to the endpoint with the content type as application/json and body as the reference to the buffer
The results are the same as the above example just the way we have parsed the struct instance to JSON object is different.
Parsing JSON to POST request
We have seen how we can parse golang struct instances to JSON and then send the post request, but what if we had the JSON string already with us, and we want to send the request? Well, that's much easier, right? We already have parsed the JSON string to the Post request by loading the slice of bytes into a buffer, so we just need to convert the string to a slice of bytes which is quite an easy task, and then load that byte slice to the buffer.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
func main() {
// dummy api
apiURL := "https://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/create"
// json data
data := `{
"name": "Alice",
"job": "Teacher"
}`
body := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(data))
// POST request
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/json", body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
fmt.Println(resp)
defer resp.Body.Close()
}
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In the example above, we already have a JSON string data with keys as name and job but it is not JSON, it is a stringified JSON. We can convert the stringified JSON to a slice of bytes using the []byte function. Further, we have used the bytes.NewBuffer method to load the byte slice into an io.Reader object. This object returned by the bytes.NewBuffer will serve as the body for the POST request.
Parsing JSON to objects in Golang from POST method response
package main
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
)
type User struct {
Name string `json:"name"`
Salary int `json:"salary"`
Age string `json:"age"`
ID int `json:"id,omitempty"`
}
type UserResponse struct {
Status string `json:"status"`
Data User `json:"data"`
}
func main() {
user := User{
Name: "Alice",
Salary: 50000,
Age: "25",
}
apiURL := "https://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/create"
// marshalling process
// converting Go specific data structure/types to JSON
bodyBytes, err := json.Marshal(user)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(bodyBytes))
// reading json into a buffer/in-memory
body := bytes.NewBuffer(bodyBytes)
// post request
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/json", body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(resp.StatusCode)
fmt.Println(resp)
defer resp.Body.Close()
// Read response body
respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// unmarshalling process
// converting JSON to Go specific data structure/types
var userResponse UserResponse
if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &userResponse); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(userResponse)
fmt.Println(userResponse.Data)
}
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{success {Alice 50000 25 3239}}
{Alice 50000 25 577}
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The above example is a POST request with a struct instance being loaded as a JSON string and then sent as a buffer to the API endpoint, it also reads the response body with a specific structure UserResponse and unmarshalled the resp.Body from the io.Reader as respBody and then loads into userResponse object. This example gives an entire process of what we have understood in the JSON data parsing for a POST request.
Sending Form data in a POST request
We can also send data to a POST request in the form of a form, the form which we use in the HTML. Golang has a net/url package to parse the form data. The form data is sent in the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format.
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"strings"
)
type ResponseLogin struct {
Token string `json:"token"`
}
func main() {
// dummy api
apiURL := "https://reqres.in/api/login"
// Define form data
formData := url.Values{}
formData.Set("email", "eve.holt@reqres.in")
formData.Set("password", "cityslicka")
// Encode the form data
fmt.Println(formData.Encode())
reqBody := strings.NewReader(formData.Encode())
fmt.Println(reqBody)
// Make a POST request with form data
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", reqBody)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
// Print response status code
fmt.Println("Status Code:", resp.StatusCode)
// Read response body
respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
token := ResponseLogin{}
json.Unmarshal(respBody, &token)
fmt.Println(token)
}
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$ go run main.go
email=eve.holt%40reqres.in&password=cityslicka
&{email=eve.holt%40reqres.in&password=cityslicka 0 -1}
Status Code: 200
{QpwL5tke4Pnpja7X4}
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In the above example, we set a formData with the values of email and password which are url.Values object. The url.Values the object is used to store the key-value pairs of the form data. The formData is encoded with the url.Encode method, We load the encoded string to a buffer with strings.NewReader which implements the io.Reader interface, so that way we can pass that object as the body to the post request.
We send the POST request to the endpoint https://reqres.in/api/login with the content type as application/x-www-form-urlencoded and with the body as reqBody which implements the io.Reader interface as an in-memory buffer. The response from the request is read into the buffer with io.ReadAll method and we can Unmarshal the stream of bytes as a buffer into the ResponseLogin struct object.
The output shows the formData as encoded string email=eve.holt%40reqres.in&password=cityslicka as @ is encoded to %40, then we wrap the formData in a strings.NewReader object which is a buffer that implements io.Reader interface, hence we can see the result as the object. The status code for the request is 200 indicating the server received the form-data in the body and upon unmarshalling, we get the token as a response to the POST request which was a dummy login API.
This way we have parsed the form-data to the body of a POST request.
Sending File in a POST request
We have covered, parsing text, JSON, and form data, and now we need to move into sending files in a POST request. We can use the multipart package to parse files into the request body and set appropriate headers for reading the file from the API services.
We first read the file contents os.Open which returns a reference to the file object or an error. We create an empty bytes.Buffer object as body which will be populated later. The multipart.NewWriter method takes in the io.Writer object which will be the body as it is an bytes.Buffer object that implements the io.Writer interface. This will initialize the Writer object in the multipart package.
We create a form-field in the Writer object with the CreateFormFile method, which takes in the fieldName as the name of the field, and the fileName as the name of the file which will be read later in the multipart form. The method returns either the part or the error. The part is an object that implements the io.Writer interface.
Since we have stored the file contents in the file object, we copy the contents into the form-field with the Copy method. Since the part return from the CreateFormFile was implementing the io.Writer interface, we can use it to Copy the contents from source to destination. The source is the io.Reader object and the destination is the io.Writer object, the destination for the Copy method is the first parameter, the source is the second parameter.
This Copy method will populate the buffer initialized earlier in the NewWriter method. This will give us a buffer that has the file contents in it. We can pass this buffer to the POST request with the body parameter. We also need to make sure we close the Writer object after copying the contents of the file. We can extract the type of file which will serve as the Content-Type of the request.
Let's clear the explanation with an example.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"mime/multipart"
"net/http"
"os"
)
type ResponseFile struct {
Files map[string]string `json:"files"`
}
func main() {
apiURL := "http://postman-echo.com/post"
fileName := "sample.csv"
file, err := os.Open(fileName)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer file.Close()
body := &bytes.Buffer{}
writer := multipart.NewWriter(body)
part, err := writer.CreateFormFile("csvFile", fileName)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
_, err = io.Copy(part, file)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
contentType := writer.FormDataContentType()
fmt.Println(contentType)
writer.Close()
resp, err := http.Post(apiURL, contentType, body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
fmt.Println("Status Code:", resp.StatusCode)
respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
token := ResponseFile{}
json.Unmarshal(respBody, &token)
fmt.Println(token)
fmt.Println(token.Files[fileName])
}
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multipart/form-data; boundary=7e0eacfff890be395eba19c70415c908124b503a56f23ebeec0ab3c665ca
--619671ea2c0aa47ca6664a7cda422169d73f3b8a089c659203f5413d03de
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="csvFile"; filename="sample.csv"
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
User,City,Age,Country
Alex Smith,Los Angeles,20,USA
John Doe,New York,30,USA
Jane Smith,Paris,25,France
Bob Johnson,London,40,UK
--619671ea2c0aa47ca6664a7cda422169d73f3b8a089c659203f5413d03de--
Status Code: 200
{map[sample.csv:data:application/octet-stream;base64,VXNlcixDaXR5LEFnZSxDb3VudHJ5CkFsZXggU21pdGgsTG9zIEFuZ2VsZXMsMjAsVVNBCkpvaG4gRG9lLE5ldyBZb3JrLDMwLFVTQQpKYW5lIFNtaXRoLFBhmlzLDI1LEZyYW5jZQpCb2IgSm9obnNvbixMb25kb24sNDAsVUsK]}
data:application/octet-stream;base64,VXNlcixDaXR5LEFnZSxDb3VudHJ5CkFsZXggU21pdGgsTG9zIEFuZ2VsZXMsMjAsVVNBCkpvaG4gRG9lLE5ldyBZb3JrLDMwLFVTQQpKYW5lIFNtaXRoLFBhmlzLDI1LEZyYW5jZQpCb2IgSm9obnNvbixMb25kb24sNDAsVUsK
Salin selepas log masuk
In the above example, we first read the file sample.csv into the file object with os.Open method, this will return a reference to the file object or return an error if any arises while opening the file.
Then we create an empty buffer bytes.Buffer object which will serve as the body of the post request later as it will get populated with the file contents in the form of multipart/form-data.
We initialize the Writer object with multipart.NewWriter method which takes in the empty buffer as the parameter, we parse the body as the parameter. The method will return a reference to the multipart.Writer object.
With the Writer object we access the CreateFormFile method which takes in the fieldName as the name of the field, and the fileName as the name of the file. The method will return either the part or an error. The part in this case, is the reference to the io.Writer object that will be used to write the contents from the uploaded file.
Then, we can use the io.Copy method to copy the contents from the io.Reader object to the io.Writer object. The source is the io.Reader object and the destination is the io.Writer object. The first parameter is however the destination and the second parameter is the source. In the example, we call io.Copy(part, file) which will copy the contents of file to the part buffer.
We get the Content-Type by calling the Writer.FormDataContentType method. This returns us multipart/form-data; boundary=7e0eacfff890be395eba19c70415c908124b503a56f23ebeec0ab3c665ca which will serve the Content-Type for the Post request.
We need to make sure we close the Writer object with the Close method.
We just print the body.String() to get a look at what the actual body looks like, we can see there is a form for the file as a form-data with keys like Content-Type, Content-Disposition, etc. The file has the Content-Type as application/octet-stream and the actual content is rendered in the output.
The dummy API responds with a 200 status code and also sends the JSON data with the name of the file as the key and the value as the base64 encoded value of the file contents. This indicates that we were able to upload the file to the server API using a POST request. Well done!
I have also included some more examples of POST requests with files here which extends the above example by taking the encoded values and decoding to get the actual contents of the file back.
Best Practices for POST method
Here are some of the best practices for the POST method which are followed to make sure you consume or create the POST request in the most secure, efficient, and graceful way.
Always Close the Response Body
Ensure that you close the response body after reading from it. Use defer response.Body.Close() to automatically close the body when the surrounding function returns. This is crucial for releasing associated resources like network connections or file descriptors. Failure to close the response body can lead to memory leaks, particularly with a large volume of requests. Properly closing the body prevents resource exhaustion and maintains efficient memory usage.
Client Customization
Utilize the Client struct to customize the HTTP client behavior. By using a custom client, you can set timeouts, headers, user agents, and other configurations without modifying the DefaultClient provided by the http package. This approach allows for flexibility and avoids repetitive adjustments to the client configuration for each request.
Set Content-Type Appropriately
Ensure that you set the Content-Type header according to the request payload. Correctly specifying the Content-Type is crucial for the server to interpret the request payload correctly. Failing to set the Content-Type header accurately may result in the server rejecting the request. Always verify and match the Content-Type header with the content being sent in the POST request to ensure smooth communication with the server.
That's it from the 34th part of the series, all the source code for the examples are linked in the GitHub on the 100 days of Golang repository.
Encik-Destructive
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100-hari-golang
Skrip dan Sumber untuk 100 hari siri golang (Sedang berjalan)
100 Hari Go lang
Go lang ialah bahasa pengaturcaraan yang lebih mudah untuk ditulis malah menyediakan keselamatan jenis dan ingatan, pengumpulan sampah dan penaipan struktur. Ia dibangunkan oleh Pasukan Google pada tahun 2009 dan sumber terbuka pada tahun 2012. Ia adalah bahasa pengaturcaraan yang dibuat untuk teknologi asli Awan dan aplikasi web. Ia adalah bahasa pengaturcaraan tujuan umum dan oleh itu tiada sekatan pada jenis program yang anda ingin buat di dalamnya.
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Uber - Ride Sharing/Cab booking Webapp |
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Itu sahaja daripada siaran siri ini, siaran kaedah POST di golang :)
Kami telah membincangkan topik seperti membuat permintaan pos asas, Marshalling golang jenis ke dalam format JSON, menghuraikan data borang, menghantar permintaan POST dengan fail dan amalan terbaik untuk kaedah POST. Harap anda mendapati artikel ini membantu. Jika anda mempunyai sebarang pertanyaan, soalan atau maklum balas, sila beritahu saya dalam ulasan atau pada pemegang sosial saya.
Selamat Mengekod :)
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