Apakah Penyegerakan dalam Java?

Penyegerakan dalam Java ialah ciri Java yang menyekat berbilang urutan daripada mencuba mengakses sumber yang biasa dikongsi pada masa yang sama. Di sini sumber yang dikongsi merujuk kepada kandungan fail luaran, pembolehubah kelas atau rekod pangkalan data.

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Penyegerakan digunakan secara meluas dalam pengaturcaraan berbilang benang. "Disegerakkan" ialah kata kunci yang menyediakan kod anda dengan keupayaan untuk membenarkan hanya satu utas beroperasi padanya tanpa gangguan daripada mana-mana urutan lain dalam tempoh tersebut.

Mengapa kita memerlukan Penyegerakan dalam Java?

• Java ialah bahasa pengaturcaraan berbilang benang. Ini bermakna dua atau lebih utas boleh berjalan serentak ke arah penyelesaian tugas. Apabila urutan berjalan serentak, terdapat kemungkinan besar senario berlaku di mana kod anda mungkin memberikan hasil yang tidak dijangka.
• Anda mungkin tertanya-tanya bahawa jika multithreading boleh menyebabkan output yang salah, maka mengapakah ciri ini dianggap sebagai ciri penting dalam Java?
• Multithreading menjadikan kod anda lebih pantas dengan menjalankan berbilang thread secara selari, mengurangkan masa pelaksanaan kod anda dan memberikan prestasi tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, menggunakan persekitaran multithreading membawa kepada output yang tidak tepat disebabkan oleh keadaan yang biasanya dikenali sebagai keadaan perlumbaan.

Apakah itu Keadaan Perlumbaan?

Apabila dua atau lebih utas berjalan selari, mereka cenderung untuk mengakses dan mengubah suai sumber yang dikongsi pada masa itu. Algoritma penjadualan utas menentukan urutan urutan urutan dilaksanakan.

Disebabkan ini, seseorang tidak boleh meramalkan urutan urutan akan dilaksanakan kerana penjadual benang mengawalnya semata-mata. Ini menjejaskan output kod dan menghasilkan output yang tidak konsisten. Memandangkan berbilang benang berlumba antara satu sama lain untuk menyelesaikan operasi, syarat ini dirujuk sebagai "keadaan perlumbaan".

Sebagai Contoh, mari kita pertimbangkan kod di bawah:

class Modify:
package JavaConcepts;
public class Modify implements Runnable{
private int myVar=0;
public int getMyVar() {
return myVar;
}
public void setMyVar(int myVar) {
this.myVar = myVar;
}
public void increment() {
myVar++;
}
@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
this.increment();
System.out.println("Current thread being executed "+ Thread.currentThread().getName() + "Current Thread value " + this.getMyVar());
}
}
class RaceCondition:
package JavaConcepts;
public class RaceCondition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Modify mObj = new Modify();
Thread t1 = new Thread(mObj, "thread 1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(mObj, "thread 2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(mObj, "thread 3");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}

Apabila menjalankan kod di atas secara berturut-turut, outputnya adalah seperti berikut:

Ourput1:

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 1 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 3 Nilai Benang Semasa 2

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 2 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Output2:

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 3 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 2 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 1 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Output3:

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 2 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 1 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 3 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Output4:

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 1 Nilai Benang Semasa 2

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 3 Nilai Benang Semasa 3

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 2 Nilai Benang Semasa 2

• Daripada contoh di atas, anda boleh membuat kesimpulan bahawa utas sedang dilaksanakan secara rawak dan juga, nilainya tidak betul. Mengikut logik kami, nilai harus ditambah sebanyak 1. Walau bagaimanapun, di sini nilai output dalam kebanyakan kes ialah 3, dan dalam beberapa kes, ia adalah 2.
• Di sini pembolehubah "myVar" ialah sumber kongsi yang digunakan berbilang urutan. Utas sedang mengakses dan mengubah suai nilai "myVar" secara serentak. Mari kita lihat apa yang berlaku jika kita mengulas dua urutan yang lain.

Keluaran dalam kes ini ialah:

Benang semasa sedang dilaksanakan utas 1 Nilai Benang Semasa 1

Ini bermakna apabila satu utas sedang berjalan, output adalah seperti yang dijangkakan. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila berbilang utas sedang berjalan, nilai sedang diubah suai oleh setiap utas. Oleh itu, seseorang perlu mengehadkan bilangan utas yang berfungsi pada sumber yang dikongsi kepada satu utas pada satu masa. Ini dicapai menggunakan penyegerakan.

Understanding What is Synchronization in Java

• Synchronization in Java is achieved with the help of the keyword “synchronized”. This keyword can be used for methods or blocks, or objects but cannot be used with classes and variables. A synchronized piece of code allows only one thread to access and modify it at a given time.
• However, a synchronized piece of code affects code performance as it increases the waiting time of other threads trying to access it. So a piece of code should be synchronized only when there is a chance for a race condition to occur. If not, one should avoid it.

How does Synchronization in Java work internally?

• Internally synchronization in Java has been implemented with the help of the lock (also known as a monitor) concept. Every Java object has its own lock. In a synchronized block of code, a thread needs to acquire the lock before being able to execute that particular block of code. Once a thread acquires the lock, it can execute that piece of code.
• On completion of execution, it automatically releases the lock. If another thread requires to operate on the synchronized code, it waits for the current thread operating on it to release the lock. This process of acquiring and releasing locks is internally taken care of by the Java virtual machine. A program is not responsible for acquiring and release of locks by the thread. The remaining threads can, however, execute any other non-synchronized piece of code simultaneously.

Let us synchronize our previous example by synchronizing the code inside the run method using the synchronized block in class “Modify” as below:

class Modify:
package JavaConcepts;
public class Modify implements Runnable{
private int myVar=0;
public int getMyVar() {
return myVar;
}
public void setMyVar(int myVar) {
this.myVar = myVar;
}
public void increment() {
myVar++;
}
@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
synchronized(this) {
this.increment();
System.out.println("Current thread being executed "
+ Thread.currentThread().getName() + " Current Thread value " + this.getMyVar());
}
}
}

The code for the class “RaceCondition” remains the same. Now on running the code, the output is as follows:

Output1:

The current thread being executed thread 1 Current Thread value 1

The current thread being executed thread 2 Current Thread value 2

The current thread being executed thread 3 Current Thread value 3

Output2:

The current thread being executed thread 1 Current Thread value 1

The current thread being executed thread 3 Current Thread value 2

The current thread being executed thread 2 Current Thread value 3

Notice that our code is providing the expected output. Here every thread is incrementing the value by 1 for the variable “myVar” (in class “Modify”).

Note: Synchronization is required when multiple threads are operating on the same object. If multiple threads are operating on multiple objects, then synchronization is not required.

For Example, let us modify the code in the class “RaceCondition” as below and work with the previously unsynchronized class “Modify”.

package JavaConcepts;
public class RaceCondition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Modify mObj = new Modify();
Modify mObj1 = new Modify();
Modify mObj2 = new Modify();
Thread t1 = new Thread(mObj, "thread 1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(mObj1, "thread 2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(mObj2, "thread 3");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}

Output:

The current thread being executed thread 1 Current Thread value 1

The current thread being executed thread 2 Current Thread value 1

The current thread being executed thread 3 Current Thread value 1

Types of  Synchronization in Java

There are two types of thread synchronization, one being mutually exclusive and the other inter-thread communication.

1. Mutually Exclusive

• In this case, threads obtain the lock before operating on an object, thereby avoiding working with objects that have had their values manipulated by other threads.
• This can be achieved in three ways:

i. Synchronized Method

We can make use of the “synchronized” keyword for a method, thus making it a synchronized method. Every thread that invokes the synchronized method will obtain the lock for that object and release it once its operation is completed. In the above example, we can make our “run()” method as synchronized by using the “synchronized” keyword after the access modifier.

@Override
public synchronized void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
this.increment();
System.out.println("Current thread being executed "
+ Thread.currentThread().getName() + " Current Thread value " + this.getMyVar());
}

The output for this case will be:

The current thread being executed thread 1 Current Thread value 1

The current thread being executed thread 3 Current Thread value 2

The current thread being executed thread 2 Current Thread value 3

ii. Static synchronized method

In order to synchronize static methods, one needs to acquire its class level lock. After a thread obtains the class level lock, only then it will be able to execute a static method. While a thread holds the class level lock, no other thread can execute any other static synchronized method of that class. However, the other threads can execute any other regular method or regular static method or even non-static synchronized method of that class.

For example, let us consider our “Modify” class and make changes to it by converting our “increment” method to a static synchronized method. The code changes are as below:

package JavaConcepts;
public class Modify implements Runnable{
private static int myVar=0;
public int getMyVar() {
return myVar;
}
public void setMyVar(int myVar) {
this.myVar = myVar;
}
public static synchronized void increment() {
myVar++;
System.out.println("Current thread being executed " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " Current Thread value " + myVar);
}
@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
increment();
}
}

iii. Synchronized block

One of the main disadvantages of the synchronized method is that it increases threads waiting time, impacting the performance of the code. Therefore, to synchronize only the required lines of code in place of the entire method, one needs to make use of a synchronized block. Using synchronized block reduces the waiting time of the threads and improves performance as well. In the previous example, we have already made use of synchronized block while synchronizing our code for the first time.

Example:

public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
synchronized(this) {
this.increment();
System.out.println("Current thread being executed "
+ Thread.currentThread().getName() + " Current Thread value " + this.getMyVar());
}
}

2. Thread Co-ordination

For synchronized threads, inter-thread communication is an important task. Inbuilt methods that help achieve inter-thread communication for synchronized code are namely:

• wait()
• notify()
• notifyAll()

Note: These methods belong to the object class and not the thread class. For a thread to be able to invoke these methods on an object, it should be holding the lock on that object. Also, these methods cause a thread to release its lock on the object on which it is being invoked.

i. wait()

A thread on invoking the wait() method releases the lock on the object and goes into a waiting state. It has two method overloads:

• public final void wait()throws InterruptedException
• public final void wait(long timeout)throws InterruptedException
• public final void wait(long timeout, int Nanos) throws InterruptedException

ii. notify()

A thread sends a signal to another thread in the waiting state by making use of the notify() method. It sends the notification to only one thread such that this thread can resume its execution. Which thread will receive the notification among all the threads in the waiting state depends on the Java Virtual Machine.

public final void notify()

iii. notifyAll()

When a thread invokes the notifyAll() method, every thread in its waiting state is notified. These threads will be executed one after the other based on the order decided by the Java Virtual Machine.

public final void notifyAll()

Conclusion

In this article, we have seen how working in a multi-threaded environment can lead to data inconsistency due to a race condition, how synchronization helps us overcome this by limiting a single thread to operate on a shared resource at a time. Also, how synchronized threads communicate with each other.

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