Membina Logger Data Tersuai dengan Raspberry Pi untuk Kenderaan: Mengintegrasikan Penderia BNO dan ELM
WBOY
Lepaskan： 2024-09-10 16:30:06
asal
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Ringkasan
Sebagai jurutera perisian yang bekerja dalam industri automotif, saya mempunyai minat yang mendalam dalam kenderaan autonomi, teknik pengukuran data dan kaedah analisis. Dalam siaran ini, saya akan menerangkan sistem ukuran tersuai, memperincikan proses dari awal, dan membentangkan beberapa hasil percubaan. Logger data saya terdiri daripada Raspberry Pi 3, sensor BNO055 dan penyesuai ELM327 OBD-II, yang masing-masing bertanggungjawab untuk pengkomputeran, mengumpul data pecutan dan halaju putaran serta mendapatkan maklumat enjin daripada kenderaan sebenar.
Jadual Kandungan
1.Latar Belakang
2.Seni Bina
3.Maklumat sensor
4.Maklumat sistem koordinat
5.Perbandingan Data
6. Logik Teras
7. Kesimpulan
8.Rujukan
1. Latar belakang
Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, peningkatan IoT, kecerdasan buatan dan pengkomputeran tepi telah membawa kemajuan yang ketara kepada pelbagai industri, termasuk sektor automotif. Kenderaan moden dilengkapi dengan pelbagai penderia yang bekerjasama untuk mencipta sistem yang canggih, membolehkan segala-galanya daripada ciri keselamatan yang dipertingkatkan kepada keupayaan pemanduan autonomi.
Lazimnya, memantau keadaan kenderaan memerlukan penggunaan sensor canggih dan mahal untuk mencapai ukuran yang tepat dan boleh dipercayai. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk situasi tertentu, seperti mendapatkan data pada litar untuk pemahaman umum tentang dinamik kenderaan, penderia mewah ini mungkin tidak begitu diperlukan. Menyedari perkara ini, saya memutuskan untuk mencipta sistem kos efektif yang mampu mengukur keadaan fizikal kenderaan menggunakan komponen yang lebih berpatutan.
Saya memutuskan untuk menumpukan pada mengukur data yang berkaitan dengan dinamik kenderaan dan bukannya keselesaan memandu. Ini kerana menganalisis keselesaan perjalanan memerlukan menangkap lebih banyak isyarat frekuensi tinggi dengan ketepatan yang sesuai, yang memerlukan menetapkan frekuensi pensampelan yang tinggi semasa pengukuran.
Khususnya, dalam ciri tindak balas frekuensi pecutan sisi berkenaan dengan sudut stereng, frekuensi resonan biasanya muncul di bawah 5 Hz, walaupun ia bergantung pada kelajuan kenderaan. Sebaliknya, dalam analisis keselesaan perjalanan, perbincangan selalunya berlanjutan kepada julat beberapa puluh Hz.
Oleh itu, matlamat utama membangunkan sistem pengukuran adalah untuk mencipta sistem pengelogan data kos rendah yang memudahkan analisis data dalam domain dinamik kenderaan.
2. Seni bina
Sistem pengukuran terdiri daripada perkakasan berikut:
Raspberry Pi 3
BNO055
Pengimbas ELM327 OBD2
Penyongsang
Pantau
papan kekunci / tetikus(jika perlu)
Raspberry Pi bertindak sebagai komputer utama, mengumpul data daripada BNO055 dan ELM327. Raspberry Pi berkomunikasi dengan BNO055 melalui I2C dan dengan ELM327 melalui Bluetooth (lihat Rajah 1).
Rajah 1: Seni bina perkakasan
3. Maklumat sensor
3-1. Adafruits BNO055
Penderia BNO055 mampu mengukur pelbagai jenis gerakan dan data:★Gambaran Keseluruhan Adafruit BNO055[1]
Orientasi Mutlak (Euler Vector, 100Hz): Menyediakan data orientasi tiga paksi berdasarkan sfera 360°.
Orientasi Mutlak (Quaternion, 100Hz): Menawarkan output kuaternion empat mata untuk manipulasi data yang lebih tepat.
Vektor Halaju Sudut (100Hz): Mengukur kelajuan putaran dalam radian sesaat (rad/s) merentasi tiga paksi.
Vektor Pecutan (100Hz): Menangkap pecutan termasuk graviti dan gerakan linear dalam meter sesaat kuasa dua (m/s²) merentas tiga paksi.
Vektor Kekuatan Medan Magnetik (20Hz): Mengesan kekuatan medan magnet dalam mikroteslas (µT) merentas tiga paksi.
Vektor Pecutan Linear (100Hz): Merekod data pecutan linear (tidak termasuk graviti) dalam meter sesaat kuasa dua (m/s²) merentas tiga paksi.
Vektor Graviti (100Hz): Mengukur pecutan graviti (tidak termasuk sebarang pergerakan) dalam meter sesaat kuasa dua (m/s²) merentasi tiga paksi.
Suhu (1Hz): Menyediakan suhu ambien dalam darjah Celsius.
BNO055 padat dan disokong oleh perpustakaan Python Adafruit yang dipanggil Adafruit_CircuitPython. Selain itu, perpustakaan bahasa C tersedia daripada Adafruit.
★Adafruit_CircuitPython_BNO055[2]
★Adafruit_BNO055[3]
Untuk demonstrasi, anda boleh melihat video di sini:
Adafruit BNO055 Demo
★Demo Adafruit BNO055[4]
# sensor_fusion.py
import os
import sys
import importlib
from time import perf_counter
from collections import defaultdict
import pandas as pd
import datetime
import asyncio
import numpy as np
parent_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..'))
sys.path.append(parent_dir)
from config import config_manager
from utils.tools import wait_process
from utils.visualize_data import format_sensor_fusion_data
from signalprocessing.filter import butterlowpass
config_path = os.path.join(parent_dir, 'config', 'measurement_system_config.yaml')
class SensorFactory:
@staticmethod
def create_sensor(sensor_type, config):
try:
# Import the appropriate sensor module based on sensor_type
module = importlib.import_module(f"fusion.sensors.{sensor_type}_measurement")
# Get a sensor class
sensor_class = getattr(module, f"{sensor_type.upper()}")
# Create a sensor instance and return
return sensor_class(config)
except (ImportError, AttributeError) as e:
print(f"Error creating sensor {sensor_type}: {e}")
return None
class Sensors:
def __init__(self, config):
self.config = config_manager.load_config(config_path)
self.sensor_list = tuple(self.config.sensors.keys())
self.sensor_instances = {}
self.is_running = False
self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ = config.sampling_frequency_hz
self.SAMPLING_TIME = 1 / self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ
self.SAVE_DATA_DIR = config.save_data_dir
self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH = self.SAVE_DATA_DIR + "/" + "measurement_raw_data.csv"
self.SEQUENCE_LENGTH = config.sequence_length # Windows size [s]
# Buffer size is determined by the relation of sequence length and sampling frequency
# Buffer secures data for SEQUENCE_LENGTH[s]
self.MAX_DATA_BUF_LEN = self.SEQUENCE_LENGTH * self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ
self.FPASS = config.filter_params.fpass
self.FSTOP = config.filter_params.fstop
self.GPASS = config.filter_params.gpass
self.GSTOP = config.filter_params.gstop
self.is_filter = config.filter_params.is_filter
self.is_show_real_time_data = config.is_show_real_time_data
self.TIMEZONE = config.timezone
self.all_data_columns_list = ()
for sensor_name in self.sensor_list:
self.all_data_columns_list += tuple(self.config["sensors"][sensor_name]["data_columns"])
self.data_buffer = pd.DataFrame() # data buffer
for sensor_type in self.sensor_list:
sensor_config = self.config.sensors[sensor_type]
sensor_instance = SensorFactory.create_sensor(sensor_type, sensor_config)
if sensor_instance:
self.sensor_instances[sensor_type] = sensor_instance
if os.path.exists(self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH):
os.remove(self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH)
print(f"File '{self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH}' was deleted for initialization")
def get_sensor(self, sensor_type):
"""
Retrieve the sensor instance corresponding to the specified sensor type.
Args:
sensor_type (str): The type of the sensor to retrieve.
Returns:
object: The sensor instance corresponding to the specified sensor type.
Returns None if the sensor type does not exist.
"""
return self.sensor_instances.get(sensor_type)
def collect_data(self):
"""
Collect data from all sensors.
This method iterates over all sensor instances and collects data from each sensor.
The collected data is stored in a dictionary where the keys are sensor types and
the values are the data collected from the corresponding sensors.
Returns:
dict: A dictionary containing the collected data from all sensors.
The keys are sensor types and the values are the data from each sensor.
Raises:
Exception: If an error occurs while collecting data from any sensor, the exception
is caught and printed.
"""
data = {}
try:
for sensor_type, sensor in self.sensor_instances.items():
# get data from sensors
data[sensor_type] = sensor.get_data_from_sensor()
return data
except Exception as e:
print(e)
def on_change_start_measurement(self):
"""
Start the measurement process.
This method sets the is_running flag to True, indicating that the measurement
process should start.
"""
self.is_running = True
def on_change_stop_measurement(self):
"""
Stop the measurement process.
This method sets the is_running flag to False, indicating that the measurement
process should stop.
"""
self.is_running = False
def filtering(self, df, labellist):
"""
Apply a low-pass filter to the specified columns in the DataFrame.
This method applies a Butterworth low-pass filter to each column specified
in the labellist. The "Time" column should be excluded from the labellist
as it is not needed for the computation.
Args:
df (pd.DataFrame): The input DataFrame containing the data to be filtered.
labellist (list of str): A list of column names to be filtered. The "Time"
column should not be included in this list.
Returns:
pd.DataFrame: A new DataFrame with the filtered data.
"""
filtered_df = df.copy()
for labelname in labellist:
# Ensure the column is converted to a numpy array
x = df[labelname].to_numpy()
filtered_df[labelname] = butterlowpass(
x=x, # Correctly pass the numpy array as 'x'
fpass=self.FPASS,
fstop=self.FSTOP,
gpass=self.GPASS,
gstop=self.GSTOP,
fs=self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ,
dt=self.SAMPLING_TIME,
checkflag=False,
labelname=labelname
)
return filtered_df
def convert_dictdata(self, current_time, sensor_data_dict):
"""
Convert nested dictionary data from multiple sensors into a single DataFrame.
This method converts nested dictionary data obtained from multiple sensors
into a single dictionary and then converts it into a pandas DataFrame. The
current_time information is associated with the data.
Args:
current_time (float): The current time at which the data was obtained.
sensor_data_dict (dict): A nested dictionary containing data from multiple sensors.
Returns:
pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing the converted data with the current time information.
"""
converted_data = {'Time': current_time}
for sensor, data in sensor_data_dict.items():
converted_data.update(data)
converted_data = pd.DataFrame([converted_data])
return converted_data
async def update_data_buffer(self, dict_data):
"""
Add data from sensors to the buffer and save it if necessary.
This method adds the provided sensor data to the internal buffer. If the buffer
exceeds the specified maximum length, the oldest data is saved to a CSV file
and removed from the buffer.
Args:
dict_data (dict): The data from sensors to be added to the buffer.
"""
# Add data to the buffer
self.data_buffer = pd.concat([self.data_buffer, dict_data], ignore_index=True)
# If the buffer exceeds the specified length, save the oldest data
if len(self.data_buffer) > self.MAX_DATA_BUF_LEN:
# Save the oldest data to a CSV file
old_data = self.data_buffer.head(self.MAX_DATA_BUF_LEN)
await self.save_data(old_data, self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH)
# Update the buffer
self.data_buffer = self.data_buffer.tail(len(self.data_buffer) - self.MAX_DATA_BUF_LEN)
async def save_data_async(self, df, path):
"""
Save the DataFrame to a CSV file asynchronously.
This method uses asyncio.to_thread to run the synchronous to_csv method
in a separate thread, allowing it to be handled asynchronously.
Args:
df (pd.DataFrame): The DataFrame to be saved.
path (str): The file path where the DataFrame should be saved.
"""
if not os.path.isfile(path):
await asyncio.to_thread(df.to_csv, path, sep=',', encoding='utf-8', index=False, header=True, mode='w')
else:
await asyncio.to_thread(df.to_csv, path, sep=',', encoding='utf-8', index=False, header=False, mode='a')
async def save_data(self, df, path):
"""
Save the DataFrame to a CSV file asynchronously.
This method calls save_data_async to save the DataFrame to a CSV file
asynchronously.
Args:
df (pd.DataFrame): The DataFrame to be saved.
path (str): The file path where the DataFrame should be saved.
"""
await self.save_data_async(df, path)
async def finish_measurement_and_save_data(self):
"""
Finish the measurement process and save the data.
This method finalizes the measurement process by saving the buffered data
to a CSV file. It also applies filtering if specified and saves the filtered
data to a separate CSV file. The method handles time zone settings and
generates a timestamp for the file names.
The buffered data is saved to a temporary CSV file, which is then read back
and saved to a final file path with a timestamp. If filtering is enabled,
the filtered data is also saved. The temporary CSV file is deleted after
the data is saved.
Raises:
Exception: If an error occurs during the file operations.
"""
t_delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=9)
TIMEZONE = datetime.timezone(t_delta, self.TIMEZONE)# You have to set your timezone
now = datetime.datetime.now(TIMEZONE)
timestamp = now.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
final_file_path = self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH.replace(self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH.split('/')[-1],
timestamp + "/" + timestamp + '_' +
self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH.split('/')[-1])
await self.save_data_async(self.data_buffer, self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH)
raw_df = pd.read_csv(self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH, header=0)
os.makedirs(self.SAVE_DATA_DIR + "/" + timestamp, exist_ok=True)
raw_df.to_csv(final_file_path, sep=',', encoding='utf-8', index=False, header=True)
if self.is_filter:
filt_df = self.filtering(df=raw_df, labellist=raw_df.columns[1:])
filt_df.to_csv(final_file_path.replace('_raw_data.csv', '_filt_data.csv'), sep=',', encoding='utf-8', index=False, header=True)
if os.path.exists(self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH):
os.remove(self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH)
print(f"File '{self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH}' was deleted")
else:
print(f"File '{self.SAVE_BUF_CSVDATA_PATH}' is not existed")
async def sensor_fusion_main():
"""
Main function for sensor fusion.
This function initializes the sensor fusion process, starts the measurement loop,
collects data from multiple sensors, updates the data buffer, and handles real-time
data display. It also calculates and prints the sampling delay and reliability rate
upon termination.
The main loop runs until the measurement process is stopped, either by an exception
or a keyboard interrupt.
Raises:
Exception: If an error occurs during the measurement process, it is caught and printed.
KeyboardInterrupt: If a keyboard interrupt occurs, the measurement process is stopped
and the data is saved.
"""
print("Start sensor fusion main")
config = config_manager.load_config(config_path)
sensors = Sensors(config["master"])
print("Called an instance of Sensors class")
# sensors.start_all_measurements()
sampling_counter = 0
current_time = 0
#sensors.is_running = True
sensors.on_change_start_measurement()
try:
main_loop_start_time = None
while sensors.is_running:
iteration_start_time = perf_counter() # Start time of each iteration
if main_loop_start_time is None:
main_loop_start_time = iteration_start_time # initialize main loop start time
current_time = perf_counter() - main_loop_start_time # Current time
data = sensors.collect_data() # Get data from sensors
sampling_counter += 1 # Num of sampling
converted_data = sensors.convert_dictdata(current_time, data) # Convert data to dataframe format
# Update the data buffer. If it reaches the buffer limit, write the data to a CSV file.
await sensors.update_data_buffer(converted_data)
# Display data in real time. This process is executed on additional thread.
if sensors.is_show_real_time_data:
formatted_data = format_sensor_fusion_data(data, sensors.all_data_columns_list)
print("--------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("Current Time is: {:.3f}".format(current_time))
print(formatted_data)
# Wait based on the sampling interval and execution time to maintain the sampling frequency.
iteration_end_time = perf_counter()
iteration_duration = iteration_end_time - iteration_start_time
print("Iteration duration is: {0} [s]".format(iteration_duration))
sleep_time = max(0, sensors.SAMPLING_TIME - iteration_duration)
if sleep_time > 0:
wait_process(sleep_time)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
sensors.on_change_stop_measurement()
print("KeyboardInterrupt")
await sensors.finish_measurement_and_save_data()
finally:
print("finish")
# Compute delay of sampling
main_loop_end_time = perf_counter() - main_loop_start_time
print("Program terminated")
print("main loop is ended. current time is: {:.3f}".format(current_time))
print("main loop is ended. end time is: {:.3f}".format(main_loop_end_time))
print("sampling num is: {}".format(sampling_counter))
# Compute ideal sampliing time
ideal_time = ((sampling_counter - 1) / sensors.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ)
# Cpmpute a delay
delay_time = current_time - ideal_time
# reliability rate
sampling_reliability_rate = (delay_time / (sampling_counter / sensors.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ)) * 100
print("sampling delay is: {:.3f} s".format(delay_time))
print("sampling delay rate is: {:.3f} %".format(sampling_reliability_rate))
if __name__ == '__main__':
asyncio.run(sensor_fusion_main())
Salin selepas log masuk
sensor_fusion.py manages sensor data collection and processing using asynchronous operations. It dynamically creates sensor instances, collects data, applies filters, and saves the data to CSV files. The script also displays real-time data if needed and monitors performance metrics like sampling delay and reliability. The main function runs a loop that handles data collection, buffer updates, and performance reporting. It uses asynchronous operations to efficiently manage data saving and ensure smooth performance.
# bno055_measurement.py
import time
import numpy as np
import adafruit_bno055
import board
import os
import sys
parent_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', '..'))
sys.path.append(parent_dir)
from config.config_manager import load_config
config_path = os.path.join(parent_dir, 'config', 'measurement_system_config.yaml')
class BNO055:
def __init__(self, config):
self.COLUMNS = config.data_columns
self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ = config.sampling_frequency_hz
self.SAMPLING_TIME = 1 / self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ
self.SAVE_DATA_DIR = config.save_data_dir
self.SEQUENCE_LENGTH = config.sequence_length
self.FPASS = config.filter_params.fpass
self.FSTOP = config.filter_params.fstop
self.GPASS = config.filter_params.gpass
self.GSTOP = config.filter_params.gstop
self.Isfilter = config.filter_params.is_filter
self.IsStart = False
self.IsStop = True
self.Is_show_real_time_data = config.is_show_real_time_data
i2c_instance = board.I2C() # Create i2c instance
self.bno055_sensor = adafruit_bno055.BNO055_I2C(i2c_instance) # create BNO055_I2C instance
def calibration(self):
print("Start calibration!")
while not self.bno055_sensor.calibrated:
print('SYS: {0}, Gyro: {1}, Accel: {2}, Mag: {3}'.format(*(self.bno055_sensor.calibration_status)))
time.sleep(1)
def calcEulerfromQuaternion(self, _w, _x, _y, _z):
"""
Calculate Euler angles (roll, pitch, yaw) from quaternion components.
This method converts quaternion components (_w, _x, _y, _z) into Euler angles
(roll, pitch, yaw) in degrees. If any of the quaternion components are None,
it returns (0.0, 0.0, 0.0) and prints an error message.
Args:
_w (float): The w component of the quaternion.
_x (float): The x component of the quaternion.
_y (float): The y component of the quaternion.
_z (float): The z component of the quaternion.
Returns:
tuple: A tuple containing the roll, pitch, and yaw angles in degrees.
If an error occurs, it returns (0.0, 0.0, 0.0) and prints an error message.
"""
if None in (_w, _x, _y, _z):
print(f"Error: One or more quaternion values are None: {_w}, {_x}, {_y}, {_z}")
return 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
try:
sqw = _w ** 2
sqx = _x ** 2
sqy = _y ** 2
sqz = _z ** 2
COEF_EULER2DEG = 57.2957795131
# Yaw
term1 = 2.0 * (_x * _y + _z * _w)
term2 = sqx - sqy - sqz + sqw
yaw = np.arctan2(term1, term2)
# Pitch
term1 = -2.0 * (_x * _z - _y * _w)
term2 = sqx + sqy + sqz + sqw
pitch = np.arcsin(term1 / term2) if -1 <= term1 / term2 <= 1 else 0.0
# Roll
term1 = 2.0 * (_y * _z + _x * _w)
term2 = -sqx - sqy + sqz + sqw
roll = np.arctan2(term1, term2)
return COEF_EULER2DEG * roll, COEF_EULER2DEG * pitch, COEF_EULER2DEG * yaw
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error in calcEulerfromQuaternion: {e}")
return 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
def get_data_from_sensor(self):
"""
Retrieve data from the BNO055 sensor and return it as a dictionary.
This method collects various sensor readings from the BNO055 sensor, including
Euler angles, gyroscope data, linear acceleration, quaternion, magnetic field,
and calibration status. It then constructs a dictionary with these values and
returns only the columns specified in self.COLUMNS.
Returns:
dict: A dictionary containing the sensor data. Only the columns specified
in self.COLUMNS are included in the returned dictionary.
"""
# Get data
euler_z, euler_y, euler_x = [val for val in self.bno055_sensor.euler] # X: yaw, Y: pitch, Z: roll
gyro_x, gyro_y, gyro_z = [val for val in self.bno055_sensor.gyro] # Gyro[rad/s]
linear_accel_x, linear_accel_y, linear_accel_z = [val for val in self.bno055_sensor.linear_acceleration] # Linear acceleration[m/s^2]
quaternion_1, quaternion_2, quaternion_3, quaternion_4 = [val for val in self.bno055_sensor.quaternion] # Quaternion
quat_roll, quat_pitch, quat_yaw = self.calcEulerfromQuaternion(quaternion_1, quaternion_2, quaternion_3, quaternion_4) # Cal Euler angle from quaternion
magnetic_x, magnetic_y, magnetic_z = [val for val in self.bno055_sensor.magnetic] # Magnetic field
calibstat_sys, calibstat_gyro, calibstat_accel, calibstat_mag = [val for val in self.bno055_sensor.calibration_status] # Status of calibration
data_dict = {
"linear_accel_x": linear_accel_x,
"linear_accel_y": linear_accel_y,
"linear_accel_z": linear_accel_z,
"gyro_x": gyro_x,
"gyro_y": gyro_y,
"gyro_z": gyro_z,
"euler_x": euler_x,
"euler_y": euler_y,
"euler_z": euler_z,
"quat_roll": quat_roll,
"quat_pitch": quat_pitch,
"quat_yaw": quat_yaw,
"quaternion_1": quaternion_1,
"quaternion_2": quaternion_2,
"quaternion_3": quaternion_3,
"quaternion_4": quaternion_4,
"magnetic_x": magnetic_x,
"magnetic_y": magnetic_y,
"magnetic_z": magnetic_z,
"calibstat_sys": calibstat_sys,
"calibstat_gyro": calibstat_gyro,
"calibstat_accel": calibstat_accel,
"calibstat_mag": calibstat_mag
}
return {column: data_dict[column] for column in self.COLUMNS if column in data_dict}
def format_sensor_data(data, labels):
"""
Format sensor data into a string for display.
This method takes a dictionary of sensor data and a list of labels, and formats
the data into a string where each label is followed by its corresponding value.
If a value is None, it is replaced with the string "None". Each label-value pair
is separated by " / ".
Args:
data (dict): The sensor data to format.
labels (list of str): The list of labels to include in the formatted string.
Returns:
str: A formatted string containing the sensor data.
"""
formatted_str = ""
if isinstance(data, dict):
for label in labels:
value = data.get(label, None)
if value is None:
value = "None"
else:
value = f"{value:.4f}"
formatted_str += f"{label}: {value} / "
return formatted_str.rstrip(" / ")
def test_main():
"""
Main function for testing sensor data collection and display.
This function initializes the BNO055 sensor, starts a loop to collect data,
formats the data for display, and prints it in real-time. It also calculates
and prints the sampling delay and reliability rate upon termination.
The main loop runs until interrupted by the user.
Raises:
KeyboardInterrupt: If a keyboard interrupt occurs, the loop is terminated
and the final statistics are printed.
"""
from utils.tools import wait_process
from time import perf_counter
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
print("Main start")
config = load_config(config_path)
meas_bno055 = BNO055(config.sensors['bno055'])
start_time = perf_counter()
sampling_counter = 0
try:
main_loop_start_time = perf_counter()
while True:
iteration_start_time = perf_counter()
# Data acquisition process
data = meas_bno055.get_data_from_sensor()
current_time = perf_counter() - start_time
sampling_counter += 1
if meas_bno055.Is_show_real_time_data:
formatted_data = format_sensor_data(data, meas_bno055.COLUMNS)
# current time
print("--------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("Current Time is: {:.3f}".format(current_time))
print(formatted_data)
# Wait to meet the sampling frequency based on the sampling interval and execution time
elapsed_time = perf_counter() - iteration_start_time
sleep_time = meas_bno055.SAMPLING_TIME - elapsed_time
if sleep_time > 0:
wait_process(sleep_time)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Interrupted by user")
finally:
# Calculate the sampling delay from the number of samples and the current time
main_loop_end_time = perf_counter() - main_loop_start_time
print("Program terminated")
print("main loop is ended. current time is: {:.3f}".format(current_time))
print("main loop is ended. end time is: {:.3f}".format(main_loop_end_time))
print("sampling num is: {}".format(sampling_counter)) # Since it is 0-based, the number of samples is current_time + 1
# Calculate the ideal sampling time
ideal_time = ((sampling_counter - 1) / meas_bno055.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ)
# Calculate the delay
delay_time = current_time - ideal_time
# The reliability rate is the delay divided by the sampling time
sampling_reliability_rate = (delay_time / (sampling_counter / meas_bno055.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ)) * 100
print("sampling delay is: {:.3f} s".format(delay_time))
print("sampling delay rate is: {:.3f} %".format(sampling_reliability_rate))
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_main()
Salin selepas log masuk
This script interfaces with the BNO055 sensor to collect and process data. It retrieves sensor readings, such as Euler angles and gyroscope data, formats them for display, and prints real-time updates if configured. The script includes a calibration method and calculates Euler angles from quaternion data. It manages data acquisition with a defined sampling frequency and calculates sampling delay and reliability. The main loop continues until interrupted, reporting performance metrics upon termination.
# elm327_measurement.py
import obd
import os
import time
from collections import deque
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import datetime
import asyncio
import scipy
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib as plt
import sys
from collections import defaultdict
import random
parent_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', '..'))
sys.path.append(parent_dir)
from config.config_manager import load_config
config_path = os.path.join(parent_dir, 'config', 'measurement_system_config.yaml')
class ELM327:
def __init__(self, config):
"""
Initialize the ELM327 class with configuration parameters.
Args:
config (dict): Configuration parameters for the ELM327.
"""
self.COLUMNS = config.data_columns
self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ = config.sampling_frequency_hz
self.SAMPLING_TIME = 1 / self.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ
self.SAVE_DATA_DIR = config.save_data_dir
self.SEQUENCE_LENGTH = config.sequence_length
self.FPASS = config.filter_params.fpass
self.FSTOP = config.filter_params.fstop
self.GPASS = config.filter_params.gpass
self.GSTOP = config.filter_params.gstop
self.Isfilter = config.filter_params.is_filter
self.res = self.connect_to_elm327()
self.is_offline = config.is_offline
self.IsStart = False
self.IsStop = True
self.Is_show_real_time_data = config.is_show_real_time_data
def initialize_BLE(self):
"""
Initialize Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for ELM327 connection.
"""
os.system('sudo hcitool scan')
os.system('sudo hciconfig hci0 up')
os.system('sudo rfcomm bind 0 8A:2A:D4:FF:38:F3')
os.system('sudo rfcomm listen 0 1 &')
def connect_to_elm327(self):
"""
Establish a connection to the ELM327 device.
Returns:
res (obd.OBDStatus): The connection status of the ELM327 device.
"""
res = None
try:
self.initialize_BLE()
self.connection = obd.OBD()
print(self.connection.status())
res = self.connection.status()
if res == obd.OBDStatus.CAR_CONNECTED:
print("----------Connection establishment is successful!----------")
return res
else:
print("----------Connection establishment failed!----------")
print("End program. Please check settings of the computer and ELM327")
except Exception as e:
print("----------Exception!----------")
print(e)
finally:
return res
def get_data_from_sensor(self):
"""
Retrieve data from the sensor.
Returns:
dict: A dictionary containing sensor data.
"""
if self.is_offline:
data = self.get_data_from_sensor_stub()
else:
# Retrieve data and save it in dictionary format
data = {column: self.get_obd2_value(column) for column in self.COLUMNS}
return data
def get_obd2_value_debug(self, column):
"""
Retrieve OBD-II value for a specific column with debug information.
Args:
column (str): The OBD-II command column.
Returns:
float or None: The value of the OBD-II command, or None if not available.
"""
command = getattr(obd.commands, column, None)
if command:
response = self.connection.query(command)
if response:
print(f"Response for command '{command}': {response}")
if response.value is not None: # Check for None
print(f"Response value for command '{command}': {response.value}")
return response.value.magnitude
else:
print(f"No value in response for command '{command}'")
else:
print(f"No response for command '{command}'")
else:
print(f"No command found for column '{column}'")
return None
def get_obd2_value(self, column):
"""
Retrieve OBD-II value for a specific column.
Args:
column (str): The OBD-II command column.
Returns:
float or None: The value of the OBD-II command, or None if not available.
"""
command = getattr(obd.commands, column, None)
if command:
response = self.connection.query(command)
if response.value is not None: # Check for None
return response.value.magnitude
return None
def get_data_from_sensor_stub(self):
"""
Generate stub data for the sensor.
Returns:
dict: A dictionary containing stub sensor data.
"""
data_stub = {column: np.abs(np.random.randn()).astype(np.float32).item() for column in self.COLUMNS}
# Randomly insert None or 0.0
if random.choice([True, False]):
random_column = random.choice(self.COLUMNS)
if random.choice([True, False]):
data_stub[random_column] = None
else:
data_stub[random_column] = 0.0
return data_stub
def format_data_for_display(data, labels):
"""
Format sensor data for display.
Args:
data (dict): The sensor data to format.
labels (list of str): The list of labels to include in the formatted string.
Returns:
str: A formatted string containing the sensor data.
"""
formatted_str = ""
for label, value in zip(labels, data.values()):
if value is None:
value = "None"
else:
value = f"{value:.4f}"
formatted_str += f"{label}: {value} / "
return formatted_str.rstrip(" / ")
def format_sensor_data(data, labels):
"""
Format sensor data for display.
Args:
data (dict or list): The sensor data to format.
labels (list of str): The list of labels to include in the formatted string.
Returns:
str: A formatted string containing the sensor data.
"""
formatted_str = ""
if isinstance(data, dict):
for label in labels:
value = data.get(label, None)
if value is None:
value = "None"
else:
value = f"{value:.4f}"
formatted_str += f"{label}: {value} / "
else:
for label, value in zip(labels, data):
if value is None:
value = "None"
else:
value = f"{value:.4f}"
formatted_str += f"{label}: {value} / "
return formatted_str.rstrip(" / ")
def test_main():
"""
Main function for testing sensor data collection and display.
This function initializes the ELM327 sensor, starts a loop to collect data,
formats the data for display, and prints it in real-time. It also calculates
and prints the sampling delay and reliability rate upon termination.
The main loop runs until interrupted by the user.
Raises:
KeyboardInterrupt: If a keyboard interrupt occurs, the loop is terminated
and the final statistics are printed.
"""
from utils.tools import wait_process
from time import perf_counter
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
print("Main start")
config = load_config(config_path)
meas_elm327 = ELM327(config.sensors['elm327'])
# res = meas_elm327.connect_to_elm327()
start_time = perf_counter()
sampling_counter = 0
try:
main_loop_start_time = perf_counter()
while True:
iteration_start_time = perf_counter()
# Data acquisition process
data = meas_elm327.get_data_from_sensor()
current_time = perf_counter() - start_time
sampling_counter += 1
if meas_elm327.Is_show_real_time_data:
formatted_data = format_sensor_data(data, meas_elm327.COLUMNS)
print("--------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("Current Time is: {:.3f}".format(current_time))
print(formatted_data)
# Wait to meet the sampling frequency based on the sampling interval and execution time
elapsed_time = perf_counter() - iteration_start_time
sleep_time = meas_elm327.SAMPLING_TIME - elapsed_time
if sleep_time > 0:
wait_process(sleep_time)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Interrupted by user")
finally:
main_loop_end_time = perf_counter() - main_loop_start_time
print("Program terminated")
print("main loop is ended. current time is: {:.3f}".format(current_time))
print("main loop is ended. end time is: {:.3f}".format(main_loop_end_time))
print("sampling num is: {}".format(sampling_counter))
# Calculate the ideal sampling time
ideal_time = ((sampling_counter - 1) / meas_elm327.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ)
# Calculate the delay
delay_time = current_time - ideal_time
# The reliability rate is the delay divided by the sampling time
sampling_reliability_rate = (delay_time / (sampling_counter / meas_elm327.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY_HZ)) * 100
print("sampling delay is: {:.3f} s".format(delay_time))
print("sampling delay rate is: {:.3f} %".format(sampling_reliability_rate))
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_main()
Salin selepas log masuk
This script defines an ELM327 class for interfacing with an ELM327 device to collect sensor data via OBD-II. It initializes the connection, retrieves data, and formats it for display. The test_main function sets up the ELM327 sensor, collects data in a loop, and prints it in real-time. It also calculates and displays sampling delay and reliability rates upon interruption. The script handles both real-time data acquisition and simulated offline data for testing purposes.
7. Conclusion
In this post, I described the project focused on developing a measurement system to capture vehicle behavior. While the project is still ongoing, I have recognized the potential for capturing vehicle data with a focus on the vehicle dynamics domain. However, when it comes to measuring signals from vehicle ECUs, some limitations need to be considered, as the ELM327 may not reliably achieve sampling rates beyond 5 Hz with good accuracy. This issue could likely be resolved by using a more advanced OBD scanner, such as the OBDLink MX+.
[2] Adafruit. "Adafruit_CircuitPython_BNO055." https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_BNO055. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[3] Adafruit. "Adafruit_BNO055." https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_BNO055. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[4] Adafruit. "Adafruit BNO055 Demo." https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-videos/1024x768/2472-04.mp4 Accessed September 3, 2024.
[5] Amazon. "Elm327 Launchh OBD2 Professional Bluetooth Scan Tool and Code Reader for Android and PC, Interface OBDII OBD2 Car Auto Diagnostic Scanner, Not Support J1850 VPW & J1850 PWM". https://a.co/d/5BFn4GN. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[6] MathWorks. "Coordinate Systems in Automated Driving Toolbox." https://www.mathworks.com/help/driving/ug/coordinate-systems.html. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[7] Apple. "Getting raw gyroscope events." https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coremotion/getting_raw_gyroscope_events. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[8] phyphox. "phyphox top page."https://phyphox.org/. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[9] Andrea Patrucco, Vehicle dynamics engineer presso Applus+ IDIADA. "Challenging your car's trip computer fuel efficiency figures." https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/challenging-your-cars-trip-computer-fuel-efficiency-figures-patrucco/. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[10] "Choosing OBDII adapter". https://www.carscanner.info/choosing-obdii-adapter/. Accessed September 3, 2024.
[11] "VDDM". https://github.com/Qooniee/VDDM/tree/master/. Accessed September 3, 2024.
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