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Complete Python Logging Guide: Best Practices & Implementation

Mengapa Pembalakan Yang Betul Penting

Sebelum menyelami butiran teknikal, mari kita fahami mengapa pembalakan yang betul penting:

Mendayakan penyahpepijatan yang berkesan dalam pengeluaran
Memberikan cerapan tentang tingkah laku aplikasi
Memudahkan pemantauan prestasi
Membantu mengesan insiden keselamatan
Menyokong keperluan pematuhan
Meningkatkan kecekapan penyelenggaraan

Mula Pantas dengan Pembalakan Python

Bagi mereka yang baru menggunakan pengelogan Python, berikut ialah contoh asas menggunakan logging.basicConfig:

# Simple python logging example
import logging

# Basic logger in python example
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Create a logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Logger in python example
logger.info("This is an information message")
logger.warning("This is a warning message")

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Contoh ini menunjukkan asas modul pengelogan dalam python dan menunjukkan cara menggunakan pengelogan python logger dalam aplikasi anda.

Bermula dengan Modul Pengelogan Python

Persediaan Asas

Mari kita mulakan dengan konfigurasi pengelogan mudah:

import logging

# Basic configuration
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Your first logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Using the logger
logger.info("Application started")
logger.warning("Watch out!")
logger.error("Something went wrong")

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Memahami Tahap Log

Python logging datang dengan lima tahap standard:

Level	Numeric Value	When to Use
DEBUG	10	Detailed information for diagnosing problems
INFO	20	General operational events
WARNING	30	Something unexpected happened
ERROR	40	More serious problem
CRITICAL	50	Program may not be able to continue

Di luar cetak() Penyata

Mengapa memilih pengelogan daripada penyata cetakan?

Tahap keterukan untuk pengkategorian yang lebih baik
Maklumat cap masa
Maklumat sumber (fail, nombor baris)
Destinasi output boleh dikonfigurasikan
Penapisan sedia pengeluaran
Keselamatan benang

Mengkonfigurasi Sistem Pengelogan Anda

Pilihan Konfigurasi Asas

# Simple python logging example
import logging

# Basic logger in python example
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Create a logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Logger in python example
logger.info("This is an information message")
logger.warning("This is a warning message")

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Konfigurasi Lanjutan

Untuk aplikasi yang lebih kompleks:

import logging

# Basic configuration
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Your first logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Using the logger
logger.info("Application started")
logger.warning("Watch out!")
logger.error("Something went wrong")

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Bekerja dengan Pengelogan Lanjutan

Pembalakan Berstruktur

Pengelogan berstruktur menyediakan format yang konsisten dan boleh dibaca mesin yang penting untuk analisis dan pemantauan log. Untuk mendapatkan gambaran menyeluruh tentang corak pembalakan berstruktur dan amalan terbaik, lihat panduan pembalakan berstruktur. Mari kita laksanakan pengelogan berstruktur dalam Python:

logging.basicConfig(
    filename='app.log',
    filemode='w',
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
)

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Pengurusan Ralat

Pengelogan ralat yang betul adalah penting untuk menyahpepijat isu pengeluaran. Berikut ialah pendekatan menyeluruh:

config = {
    'version': 1,
    'formatters': {
        'detailed': {
            'format': '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
        }
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'level': 'INFO',
            'formatter': 'detailed'
        },
        'file': {
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': 'app.log',
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'formatter': 'detailed'
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'myapp': {
            'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'propagate': True
        }
    }
}

logging.config.dictConfig(config)

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Pembalakan Serentak

Apabila log masuk aplikasi berbilang benang, anda perlu memastikan keselamatan benang:

import json
import logging
from datetime import datetime

class JSONFormatter(logging.Formatter):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def format(self, record):
        # Create base log record
        log_obj = {
            "timestamp": self.formatTime(record, self.datefmt),
            "name": record.name,
            "level": record.levelname,
            "message": record.getMessage(),
            "module": record.module,
            "function": record.funcName,
            "line": record.lineno
        }

        # Add exception info if present
        if record.exc_info:
            log_obj["exception"] = self.formatException(record.exc_info)

        # Add custom fields from extra
        if hasattr(record, "extra_fields"):
            log_obj.update(record.extra_fields)

        return json.dumps(log_obj)

# Usage Example
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
handler = logging.StreamHandler()
handler.setFormatter(JSONFormatter())
logger.addHandler(handler)

# Log with extra fields
logger.info("User logged in", extra={"extra_fields": {"user_id": "123", "ip": "192.168.1.1"}})

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Log masuk dalam Persekitaran Berbeza

Persekitaran aplikasi yang berbeza memerlukan pendekatan pengelogan khusus. Sama ada anda bekerja dengan aplikasi web, perkhidmatan mikro atau tugas latar belakang, setiap persekitaran mempunyai keperluan pengelogan unik dan amalan terbaik. Mari kita terokai cara melaksanakan pengelogan yang berkesan merentas pelbagai senario penggunaan.

Pengelogan Aplikasi Web

Konfigurasi Pengelogan Django

Berikut ialah persediaan pengelogan Django yang komprehensif:

import traceback
import sys
from contextlib import contextmanager

class ErrorLogger:
    def __init__(self, logger):
        self.logger = logger

    @contextmanager
    def error_context(self, operation_name, **context):
        """Context manager for error logging with additional context"""
        try:
            yield
        except Exception as e:
            # Capture the current stack trace
            exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()

            # Format error details
            error_details = {
                "operation": operation_name,
                "error_type": exc_type.__name__,
                "error_message": str(exc_value),
                "context": context,
                "stack_trace": traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback)
            }

            # Log the error with full context
            self.logger.error(
                f"Error in {operation_name}: {str(exc_value)}",
                extra={"error_details": error_details}
            )

            # Re-raise the exception
            raise

# Usage Example
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
error_logger = ErrorLogger(logger)

with error_logger.error_context("user_authentication", user_id="123", attempt=2):
    # Your code that might raise an exception
    authenticate_user(user_id)

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Persediaan Pengelogan Kelalang

Flask menyediakan sistem pembalakan sendiri yang boleh disesuaikan:

import threading
import logging
from queue import Queue
from logging.handlers import QueueHandler, QueueListener

def setup_thread_safe_logging():
    """Set up thread-safe logging with a queue"""
    # Create the queue
    log_queue = Queue()

    # Create handlers
    console_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
    file_handler = logging.FileHandler('app.log')

    # Create queue handler and listener
    queue_handler = QueueHandler(log_queue)
    listener = QueueListener(
        log_queue,
        console_handler,
        file_handler,
        respect_handler_level=True
    )

    # Configure root logger
    root_logger = logging.getLogger()
    root_logger.addHandler(queue_handler)

    # Start the listener in a separate thread
    listener.start()

    return listener

# Usage
listener = setup_thread_safe_logging()

def worker_function():
    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
    logger.info(f"Worker thread {threading.current_thread().name} starting")
    # Do work...
    logger.info(f"Worker thread {threading.current_thread().name} finished")

# Create and start threads
threads = [
    threading.Thread(target=worker_function)
    for _ in range(3)
]
for thread in threads:
    thread.start()

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Amalan Pembalakan FastAPI

FastAPI boleh memanfaatkan pengelogan Python dengan beberapa peningkatan perisian tengah:

# settings.py
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'formatters': {
        'verbose': {
            'format': '{levelname} {asctime} {module} {process:d} {thread:d} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
        'simple': {
            'format': '{levelname} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
    },
    'filters': {
        'require_debug_true': {
            '()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue',
        },
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'level': 'INFO',
            'filters': ['require_debug_true'],
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'formatter': 'simple'
        },
        'file': {
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': 'django-errors.log',
            'formatter': 'verbose'
        },
        'mail_admins': {
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler',
            'include_html': True,
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers': ['console'],
            'propagate': True,
        },
        'django.request': {
            'handlers': ['file', 'mail_admins'],
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'propagate': False,
        },
        'myapp': {
            'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
            'level': 'INFO',
        }
    }
}

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Pembalakan Perkhidmatan Mikro

Untuk perkhidmatan mikro, pengesanan dan ID korelasi yang diedarkan adalah penting:

import logging
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
from flask import Flask, request

app = Flask(__name__)

def setup_logger():
    # Create formatter
    formatter = logging.Formatter(
        '[%(asctime)s] %(levelname)s in %(module)s: %(message)s'
    )

    # File Handler
    file_handler = RotatingFileHandler(
        'flask_app.log',
        maxBytes=10485760,  # 10MB
        backupCount=10
    )
    file_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
    file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)

    # Add request context
    class RequestFormatter(logging.Formatter):
        def format(self, record):
            record.url = request.url
            record.remote_addr = request.remote_addr
            return super().format(record)

    # Configure app logger
    app.logger.addHandler(file_handler)
    app.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    return app.logger

# Usage in routes
@app.route('/api/endpoint')
def api_endpoint():
    app.logger.info(f'Request received from {request.remote_addr}')
    # Your code here
    return jsonify({'status': 'success'})

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Pengelogan Tugas Latar Belakang

Untuk tugasan latar belakang, kami perlu memastikan pengendalian dan penggiliran log yang betul:

from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
from typing import Callable
import logging
import time

app = FastAPI()

# Configure logging
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Middleware for request logging
@app.middleware("http")
async def log_requests(request: Request, call_next: Callable):
    start_time = time.time()
    response = await call_next(request)
    duration = time.time() - start_time

    log_dict = {
        "url": str(request.url),
        "method": request.method,
        "client_ip": request.client.host,
        "duration": f"{duration:.2f}s",
        "status_code": response.status_code
    }

    logger.info(f"Request processed: {log_dict}")
    return response

# Example endpoint with logging
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id: int):
    logger.info(f"Retrieving item {item_id}")
    # Your code here
    return {"item_id": item_id}

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Corak dan Penyelesaian Pembalakan Biasa

Minta Penjejakan ID

Melaksanakan penjejakan permintaan merentas aplikasi anda:

import logging
import contextvars
from uuid import uuid4

# Create context variable for trace ID
trace_id_var = contextvars.ContextVar('trace_id', default=None)

class TraceIDFilter(logging.Filter):
    def filter(self, record):
        trace_id = trace_id_var.get()
        record.trace_id = trace_id if trace_id else 'no_trace'
        return True

def setup_microservice_logging(service_name):
    logger = logging.getLogger(service_name)

    # Create formatter with trace ID
    formatter = logging.Formatter(
        '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - [%(trace_id)s] - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
    )

    # Add handlers with trace ID filter
    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    handler.addFilter(TraceIDFilter())

    logger.addHandler(handler)
    logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    return logger

# Usage in microservice
logger = setup_microservice_logging('order_service')

def process_order(order_data):
    # Generate or get trace ID from request
    trace_id_var.set(str(uuid4()))

    logger.info("Starting order processing", extra={
        'order_id': order_data['id'],
        'customer_id': order_data['customer_id']
    })

    # Process order...

    logger.info("Order processed successfully")

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Pengelogan Aktiviti Pengguna

Jejak tindakan pengguna dengan selamat:

# Simple python logging example
import logging

# Basic logger in python example
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Create a logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Logger in python example
logger.info("This is an information message")
logger.warning("This is a warning message")

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Penyelesaian masalah dan Penyahpepijatan

Penyelesaian masalah yang berkesan bagi isu pembalakan memerlukan pemahaman masalah biasa dan penyelesaiannya. Bahagian ini merangkumi cabaran yang paling kerap dihadapi oleh pembangun semasa melaksanakan pengelogan dan menyediakan penyelesaian praktikal untuk menyahpepijat konfigurasi pengelogan.

Isu Pembalakan Biasa

Entri Log Tiada

import logging

# Basic configuration
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Your first logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Using the logger
logger.info("Application started")
logger.warning("Watch out!")
logger.error("Something went wrong")

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Kesesakan Prestasi

logging.basicConfig(
    filename='app.log',
    filemode='w',
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
)

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Perangkap dan Penyelesaian Pembalakan Biasa

Isu Konfigurasi

config = {
    'version': 1,
    'formatters': {
        'detailed': {
            'format': '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
        }
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'level': 'INFO',
            'formatter': 'detailed'
        },
        'file': {
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': 'app.log',
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'formatter': 'detailed'
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'myapp': {
            'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'propagate': True
        }
    }
}

logging.config.dictConfig(config)

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Isu Memori dan Sumber

import json
import logging
from datetime import datetime

class JSONFormatter(logging.Formatter):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def format(self, record):
        # Create base log record
        log_obj = {
            "timestamp": self.formatTime(record, self.datefmt),
            "name": record.name,
            "level": record.levelname,
            "message": record.getMessage(),
            "module": record.module,
            "function": record.funcName,
            "line": record.lineno
        }

        # Add exception info if present
        if record.exc_info:
            log_obj["exception"] = self.formatException(record.exc_info)

        # Add custom fields from extra
        if hasattr(record, "extra_fields"):
            log_obj.update(record.extra_fields)

        return json.dumps(log_obj)

# Usage Example
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
handler = logging.StreamHandler()
handler.setFormatter(JSONFormatter())
logger.addHandler(handler)

# Log with extra fields
logger.info("User logged in", extra={"extra_fields": {"user_id": "123", "ip": "192.168.1.1"}})

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Format Rentetan dan Isu Prestasi

import traceback
import sys
from contextlib import contextmanager

class ErrorLogger:
    def __init__(self, logger):
        self.logger = logger

    @contextmanager
    def error_context(self, operation_name, **context):
        """Context manager for error logging with additional context"""
        try:
            yield
        except Exception as e:
            # Capture the current stack trace
            exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()

            # Format error details
            error_details = {
                "operation": operation_name,
                "error_type": exc_type.__name__,
                "error_message": str(exc_value),
                "context": context,
                "stack_trace": traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback)
            }

            # Log the error with full context
            self.logger.error(
                f"Error in {operation_name}: {str(exc_value)}",
                extra={"error_details": error_details}
            )

            # Re-raise the exception
            raise

# Usage Example
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
error_logger = ErrorLogger(logger)

with error_logger.error_context("user_authentication", user_id="123", attempt=2):
    # Your code that might raise an exception
    authenticate_user(user_id)

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Perangkap Konfigurasi Pengendali

import threading
import logging
from queue import Queue
from logging.handlers import QueueHandler, QueueListener

def setup_thread_safe_logging():
    """Set up thread-safe logging with a queue"""
    # Create the queue
    log_queue = Queue()

    # Create handlers
    console_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
    file_handler = logging.FileHandler('app.log')

    # Create queue handler and listener
    queue_handler = QueueHandler(log_queue)
    listener = QueueListener(
        log_queue,
        console_handler,
        file_handler,
        respect_handler_level=True
    )

    # Configure root logger
    root_logger = logging.getLogger()
    root_logger.addHandler(queue_handler)

    # Start the listener in a separate thread
    listener.start()

    return listener

# Usage
listener = setup_thread_safe_logging()

def worker_function():
    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
    logger.info(f"Worker thread {threading.current_thread().name} starting")
    # Do work...
    logger.info(f"Worker thread {threading.current_thread().name} finished")

# Create and start threads
threads = [
    threading.Thread(target=worker_function)
    for _ in range(3)
]
for thread in threads:
    thread.start()

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Pertimbangan Keselamatan Benang

# settings.py
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'formatters': {
        'verbose': {
            'format': '{levelname} {asctime} {module} {process:d} {thread:d} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
        'simple': {
            'format': '{levelname} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
    },
    'filters': {
        'require_debug_true': {
            '()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue',
        },
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'level': 'INFO',
            'filters': ['require_debug_true'],
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'formatter': 'simple'
        },
        'file': {
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': 'django-errors.log',
            'formatter': 'verbose'
        },
        'mail_admins': {
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler',
            'include_html': True,
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers': ['console'],
            'propagate': True,
        },
        'django.request': {
            'handlers': ['file', 'mail_admins'],
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'propagate': False,
        },
        'myapp': {
            'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
            'level': 'INFO',
        }
    }
}

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Isu Fail Konfigurasi

import logging
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
from flask import Flask, request

app = Flask(__name__)

def setup_logger():
    # Create formatter
    formatter = logging.Formatter(
        '[%(asctime)s] %(levelname)s in %(module)s: %(message)s'
    )

    # File Handler
    file_handler = RotatingFileHandler(
        'flask_app.log',
        maxBytes=10485760,  # 10MB
        backupCount=10
    )
    file_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
    file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)

    # Add request context
    class RequestFormatter(logging.Formatter):
        def format(self, record):
            record.url = request.url
            record.remote_addr = request.remote_addr
            return super().format(record)

    # Configure app logger
    app.logger.addHandler(file_handler)
    app.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    return app.logger

# Usage in routes
@app.route('/api/endpoint')
def api_endpoint():
    app.logger.info(f'Request received from {request.remote_addr}')
    # Your code here
    return jsonify({'status': 'success'})

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Menguji Pembalakan Anda

Pengujian Unit dengan Log

from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
from typing import Callable
import logging
import time

app = FastAPI()

# Configure logging
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Middleware for request logging
@app.middleware("http")
async def log_requests(request: Request, call_next: Callable):
    start_time = time.time()
    response = await call_next(request)
    duration = time.time() - start_time

    log_dict = {
        "url": str(request.url),
        "method": request.method,
        "client_ip": request.client.host,
        "duration": f"{duration:.2f}s",
        "status_code": response.status_code
    }

    logger.info(f"Request processed: {log_dict}")
    return response

# Example endpoint with logging
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id: int):
    logger.info(f"Retrieving item {item_id}")
    # Your code here
    return {"item_id": item_id}

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Menguji dengan Pembalak Diejek

import logging
import contextvars
from uuid import uuid4

# Create context variable for trace ID
trace_id_var = contextvars.ContextVar('trace_id', default=None)

class TraceIDFilter(logging.Filter):
    def filter(self, record):
        trace_id = trace_id_var.get()
        record.trace_id = trace_id if trace_id else 'no_trace'
        return True

def setup_microservice_logging(service_name):
    logger = logging.getLogger(service_name)

    # Create formatter with trace ID
    formatter = logging.Formatter(
        '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - [%(trace_id)s] - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
    )

    # Add handlers with trace ID filter
    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    handler.addFilter(TraceIDFilter())

    logger.addHandler(handler)
    logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    return logger

# Usage in microservice
logger = setup_microservice_logging('order_service')

def process_order(order_data):
    # Generate or get trace ID from request
    trace_id_var.set(str(uuid4()))

    logger.info("Starting order processing", extra={
        'order_id': order_data['id'],
        'customer_id': order_data['customer_id']
    })

    # Process order...

    logger.info("Order processed successfully")

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Penyelesaian Pembalakan Alternatif

Loguru

Loguru menyediakan antara muka pengelogan yang lebih mudah dengan ciri yang berkuasa di luar kotak:

from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
import logging
import threading
from datetime import datetime

class BackgroundTaskLogger:
    def __init__(self, task_name):
        self.logger = logging.getLogger(f'background_task.{task_name}')
        self.setup_logging()

    def setup_logging(self):
        # Create logs directory if it doesn't exist
        import os
        os.makedirs('logs', exist_ok=True)

        # Setup rotating file handler
        handler = RotatingFileHandler(
            filename=f'logs/task_{datetime.now():%Y%m%d}.log',
            maxBytes=5*1024*1024,  # 5MB
            backupCount=5
        )

        # Create formatter
        formatter = logging.Formatter(
            '%(asctime)s - [%(threadName)s] - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
        )
        handler.setFormatter(formatter)

        self.logger.addHandler(handler)
        self.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

    def log_task_status(self, status, **kwargs):
        """Log task status with additional context"""
        extra = {
            'thread_id': threading.get_ident(),
            'timestamp': datetime.now().isoformat(),
            **kwargs
        }
        self.logger.info(f"Task status: {status}", extra=extra)

# Usage example
def background_job():
    logger = BackgroundTaskLogger('data_processing')
    try:
        logger.log_task_status('started', job_id=123)
        # Do some work...
        logger.log_task_status('completed', records_processed=1000)
    except Exception as e:
        logger.logger.error(f"Task failed: {str(e)}", exc_info=True)

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Structlog

Structlog sangat baik untuk pengelogan berstruktur dengan konteks:

import logging
from contextlib import contextmanager
import threading
import uuid

# Store request ID in thread-local storage
_request_id = threading.local()

class RequestIDFilter(logging.Filter):
    def filter(self, record):
        record.request_id = getattr(_request_id, 'id', 'no_request_id')
        return True

@contextmanager
def request_context(request_id=None):
    """Context manager for request tracking"""
    if request_id is None:
        request_id = str(uuid.uuid4())

    old_id = getattr(_request_id, 'id', None)
    _request_id.id = request_id
    try:
        yield request_id
    finally:
        if old_id is None:
            del _request_id.id
        else:
            _request_id.id = old_id

# Setup logging with request ID
def setup_request_logging():
    logger = logging.getLogger()
    formatter = logging.Formatter(
        '%(asctime)s - [%(request_id)s] - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
    )

    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    handler.addFilter(RequestIDFilter())

    logger.addHandler(handler)
    return logger

# Usage example
logger = setup_request_logging()

def process_request(data):
    with request_context() as request_id:
        logger.info("Processing request", extra={
            'data': data,
            'operation': 'process_request'
        })
        # Process the request...
        logger.info("Request processed successfully")

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Python-JSON-Logger

Untuk pengelogan berformat JSON:

# Simple python logging example
import logging

# Basic logger in python example
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Create a logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Logger in python example
logger.info("This is an information message")
logger.warning("This is a warning message")

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Amalan dan Garis Panduan Terbaik

Piawaian Pembalakan

import logging

# Basic configuration
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Your first logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Using the logger
logger.info("Application started")
logger.warning("Watch out!")
logger.error("Something went wrong")

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Pengoptimuman Prestasi

logging.basicConfig(
    filename='app.log',
    filemode='w',
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
)

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Kajian Kes

Pelaksanaan Dunia Nyata: Platform E-dagang

config = {
    'version': 1,
    'formatters': {
        'detailed': {
            'format': '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
        }
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'level': 'INFO',
            'formatter': 'detailed'
        },
        'file': {
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': 'app.log',
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'formatter': 'detailed'
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'myapp': {
            'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'propagate': True
        }
    }
}

logging.config.dictConfig(config)

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Contoh Seni Bina Microservices

import json
import logging
from datetime import datetime

class JSONFormatter(logging.Formatter):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def format(self, record):
        # Create base log record
        log_obj = {
            "timestamp": self.formatTime(record, self.datefmt),
            "name": record.name,
            "level": record.levelname,
            "message": record.getMessage(),
            "module": record.module,
            "function": record.funcName,
            "line": record.lineno
        }

        # Add exception info if present
        if record.exc_info:
            log_obj["exception"] = self.formatException(record.exc_info)

        # Add custom fields from extra
        if hasattr(record, "extra_fields"):
            log_obj.update(record.extra_fields)

        return json.dumps(log_obj)

# Usage Example
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
handler = logging.StreamHandler()
handler.setFormatter(JSONFormatter())
logger.addHandler(handler)

# Log with extra fields
logger.info("User logged in", extra={"extra_fields": {"user_id": "123", "ip": "192.168.1.1"}})

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Kesimpulan

Pengambilan Utama

Foundation First: Mulakan dengan konfigurasi asas yang betul

Tetapkan tahap log yang sesuai
Konfigurasikan format yang bermakna
Pilih pengendali yang sesuai

Pendekatan Berstruktur: Gunakan pengelogan berstruktur untuk analisis yang lebih baik

Format log yang konsisten
Maklumat kontekstual
Keluaran boleh dihuraikan mesin

Perkara Prestasi: Optimumkan pengelogan untuk pengeluaran

Laksanakan putaran log
Gunakan pengelogan async apabila diperlukan
Pertimbangkan strategi pensampelan

Kesedaran Keselamatan: Lindungi maklumat sensitif
- Tapis data sensitif
- Laksanakan kawalan akses yang betul
- Ikuti keperluan pematuhan

Senarai Semak Perlaksanaan

import traceback
import sys
from contextlib import contextmanager

class ErrorLogger:
    def __init__(self, logger):
        self.logger = logger

    @contextmanager
    def error_context(self, operation_name, **context):
        """Context manager for error logging with additional context"""
        try:
            yield
        except Exception as e:
            # Capture the current stack trace
            exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()

            # Format error details
            error_details = {
                "operation": operation_name,
                "error_type": exc_type.__name__,
                "error_message": str(exc_value),
                "context": context,
                "stack_trace": traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback)
            }

            # Log the error with full context
            self.logger.error(
                f"Error in {operation_name}: {str(exc_value)}",
                extra={"error_details": error_details}
            )

            # Re-raise the exception
            raise

# Usage Example
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
error_logger = ErrorLogger(logger)

with error_logger.error_context("user_authentication", user_id="123", attempt=2):
    # Your code that might raise an exception
    authenticate_user(user_id)

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Sumber Tambahan

Dokumentasi Rasmi:

Python Logging HOWTO
Buku Masakan Log

Alat dan Perpustakaan:

Dokumentasi Loguru
Dokumentasi Structlog
Python-JSON-Logger

Panduan ini merangkumi aspek penting pengelogan Python, daripada persediaan asas kepada pelaksanaan lanjutan. Ingat bahawa pembalakan adalah bahagian penting dalam pemerhatian dan penyelenggaraan aplikasi. Laksanakannya dengan bertimbang rasa dan kekalkan ia dengan kerap untuk hasil yang terbaik.

Ingat untuk menyemak dan mengemas kini pelaksanaan pengelogan anda secara berkala apabila aplikasi anda berkembang dan keperluan baharu muncul.

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