Baidu engineers talk about the implementation principles and performance analysis of PHP functions (2), php functions_PHP tutorial

Baidu engineers talk about the implementation principles and performance analysis of PHP functions (2), php functions

Class methods
The execution principle of class methods is the same as that of user functions, and they are also translated into opcodes and called sequentially. Class implementation is implemented by zend using a data structure zend_class_entry, which stores some basic information related to the class. This entry is processed when PHP is compiled.
In the common of zend_function, there is a member called scope, which points to the zend_class_entry of the class corresponding to the current method. Regarding the object-oriented implementation in PHP, I will not give a more detailed introduction here. In the future, I will write a special article to detail the object-oriented implementation principle in PHP. As far as the function is concerned, the implementation principle of method is exactly the same as that of function, and its performance is similar in theory. We will make a detailed performance comparison later.

Performance comparison
The impact of function name length on performance

》》Test method Compare functions with name lengths of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, test and compare the number of times they can be executed per second, and determine the impact of function name length on performance

》》The test results are as shown below

》》Result Analysis
As can be seen from the figure, the length of the function name still has a certain impact on performance. A function of length 1 and an empty function call of length 16 have a performance difference of 1x. It is not difficult to find the reason by analyzing the source code. As mentioned above, when a function is called, zend will first query relevant information through the function name in a global function_table, which is a hash table. Inevitably, the longer the name, the more time it takes to query. Therefore, when actually writing a program, it is recommended that the name of a function that is called multiple times should not be too long.

Although the length of the function name has a certain impact on performance, how big is it specifically? This issue should still be considered based on the actual situation. If a function itself is relatively complex, it will not have a big impact on the overall performance. One suggestion is to give concise and concise names to functions that are called many times and have relatively simple functions.
The impact of the number of functions on performance

》》Test method
Conduct function call tests in the following three environments and analyze the results: 1. The program contains only 1 function 2. The program contains 100 functions 3. The program contains 1000 functions. Test the number of functions that can be called per second in these three cases

》》The test results are as shown below

》》Result Analysis
It can be seen from the test results that the performance in these three cases is almost the same. When the number of functions increases, the performance decrease is minimal and can be ignored. From the analysis of implementation principles, the only difference between several implementations is the function acquisition part. As mentioned before, all functions are placed in a hash table, and the search efficiency should still be close to O(1) under different numbers, so the performance difference is not big.
Cost of different types of function calls
》》Test method
Select one of each user function, class method, static method, and built-in function. The function itself does not do anything and returns directly. It mainly tests the consumption of empty function calls. The test results are the number of executions per second. In order to remove other effects during the test, all function names have the same length
》》The test results are as shown below

》》Result Analysis
It can be seen from the test results that for PHP functions written by users themselves, no matter what type they are, their efficiency is almost the same, all around 280w/s. As we expected, even for air conditioners, the efficiency of the built-in function is much higher, reaching 780w/s, which is three times that of the former. It can be seen that the overhead of built-in function calls is still much lower than that of user functions. From the previous principle analysis, it can be seen that the main gap lies in operations such as initializing the symbol table and receiving parameters when the user function is called.

Performance comparison between built-in functions and user functions

》》Test method
To compare the performance of built-in functions and user functions, here we select several commonly used functions, and then use PHP to perform a performance comparison of functions that implement the same functions. During the test, we selected a typical one from each of strings, mathematics, and arrays for comparison. These functions are string interception (substr), decimal conversion to binary (decbin), minimum value (min), and return. All keys in the array (array_keys).
》》The test results are as shown below

》》Result Analysis
It can be seen from the test results that, as we expected, the overall performance of built-in functions is much higher than that of ordinary user functions . Especially for functions involving string operations, the gap reaches 1 order of magnitude. Therefore, one principle for using functions is that if a certain function has a corresponding built-in function, try to use it instead of writing the PHP function yourself. For some functions involving a large number of string operations, in order to improve performance, you can consider using extensions. For example, common rich text filtering, etc.
Comparison with C function performance

》》Test method
We selected three functions each for string operations and arithmetic operations for comparison, and PHP was implemented using extensions. The three functions are simple one-time arithmetic operations, string comparisons, and multiple arithmetic operations. In addition to its own two types of functions, it will also test the performance after removing the function air-conditioning overhead. On the one hand, it compares the performance difference between the two functions (C and PHP built-in). On the other hand, it also confirms the consumption test point of the air-conditioning function: Time consumption to perform 100,000 operations
》》The test results are as shown below

》》Result Analysis
The difference between the overhead of built-in functions and C functions is small after removing the impact of php function air conditioning. As the functions become more and more complex, the performance of both parties approaches the same. This can be easily demonstrated from the previous function implementation analysis. After all, the built-in functions are implemented in C. The more complex the function, the smaller the performance gap between C and PHP. Compared with C, the overhead of PHP function calls is much higher, and the performance of simple functions still has a certain impact. Therefore, functions in PHP should not be nested and encapsulated too deeply.
Pseudo functions and their performance

In PHP, there are some functions that are standard function usage, but the underlying implementation is completely different from real function calls. These functions do not belong to any of the three functions mentioned above. Its essence is a separate opcode, which is called a pseudo function or instruction function here.

As mentioned above, pseudo functions are used just like standard functions and appear to have the same characteristics. But when they are finally executed, they are reflected by zend into a corresponding instruction (opcode) for calling, so their implementation is closer to operations such as if, for, and arithmetic operations.
》》Pseudo functions in php
isset
empty
unset
eval
As can be seen from the above introduction, since pseudo functions are directly translated into instructions for execution, compared with ordinary functions, there is one less overhead caused by a function call, so the performance will be better. We make a comparison through the following test. Both Array_key_exists and isset can determine whether a key exists in the array. Let’s take a look at their performance

As can be seen from the figure, compared with array_key_exists, isset performance is much higher, basically about 4 times that of the former, and even compared with empty function calls, its performance is about 1 times higher. This also proves that the overhead of PHP function calls is still relatively large.