PHP array implementation principle
Arrays are the most commonly used data type in PHP. At the same time, PHP is easy to use thanks to its powerful arrays, but how are arrays implemented in PHP?
Recommended tutorial: PHP video tutorial
First of all, let’s understand the relevant data structure first, as follows Lay a good foundation for the content
Hash table
Hash table, as the name suggests, is a kind of mapping different keywords to different units data structure. The method of mapping different keywords to different units is called hash function
Ideally, after hash function processing, keywords and units will correspond one-to-one; but if the keyword value is enough In many cases, it is easy for multiple keywords to be mapped to the same unit, that is, hash conflicts.
The solution to hash conflicts is to use either the chaining method or the open addressing method
Linking method
That is, when different keywords are mapped to the same unit, a linked list is used to save these keywords in the same unit
Open addressing Method
That is, when inserting data, if it is found that there is data in the unit to which the keyword is mapped, it means that a conflict has occurred, and then continue to search for the next unit until an available unit is found
And Because the open addressing method occupies the location of other keyword mapping units, subsequent keywords are more likely to have hash conflicts, and therefore are prone to performance degradation
Linked list
Since we mentioned linked lists above, here we briefly talk about the basics of linked lists. There are many types of linked lists. Commonly used data structures include: queue, stack, two-way linked list, etc.
A linked list is a data structure composed of different linked list nodes. Linked list nodes generally consist of elements pointing to pointers to the next node. The doubly linked list, as the name suggests, is composed of a pointer element pointing to the previous node and a pointer pointing to the next node. As for the content of the data structure, we will not expand too much. We will have special content to introduce it in detail later. Data structure
php array The way PHP resolves hash conflicts is to use the linking method, so the PHP array is a linked list of hash tables The implementation, to be precise, is implemented by a hash table doubly linked list.
Internal structure - Hash tableThe HashTable structure is mainly used to store the basic information of the hash table
typedef struct _hashtable {
uint nTableSize; // hash Bucket的大小，即哈希表的容量，最小为8，以2x增长。
uint nTableMask; // nTableSize-1 ， 索引取值的优化
uint nNumOfElements; // hash Bucket中当前存在的元素个数，count()函数会直接返回此值
ulong nNextFreeElement; // 下一个可使用的数字键值
Bucket *pInternalPointer; // 当前遍历的指针（foreach比for快的原因之一）
Bucket *pListHead; // 存储整个哈希表的头元素指针
Bucket *pListTail; // 存储整个哈希表的尾元素指针
Bucket **arBuckets; // 存储hash数组
dtor_func_t pDestructor; // 在删除元素时执行的回调函数，用于资源的释放
zend_bool persistent; //指出了Bucket内存分配的方式。如果persisient为TRUE，则使用操作系统本身的内存分配函数为Bucket分配内存，否则使用PHP的内存分配函数。
unsigned char nApplyCount; // 标记当前hash Bucket被递归访问的次数（防止多次递归）
zend_bool bApplyProtection;// 标记当前hash桶允许不允许多次访问，不允许时，最多只能递归3次
#if ZEND_DEBUG
int inconsistent;
#endif
} HashTable;The Bucket structure is used for The specific content of the saved data
typedef struct bucket {
ulong h; // 对char *key进行hash后的值，或者是用户指定的数字索引值
uint nKeyLength; // hash关键字的长度，如果数组索引为数字，此值为0
void *pData; // 指向value，一般是用户数据的副本，如果是指针数据，则指向pDataPtr
void *pDataPtr; // 如果是指针数据，此值会指向真正的value，同时上面pData会指向此值
struct bucket *pListNext; // 指向整个哈希表的该单元的下一个元素
struct bucket *pListLast; // 指向整个哈希表的该单元的上一个元素
struct bucket *pNext; // 指向由于哈希冲突导致存放在同一个单元的链表中的下一个元素
struct bucket *pLast; // 指向由于哈希冲突导致存放在同一个单元的链表中的上一个元素
// 保存当前值所对于的key字符串，这个字段只能定义在最后，实现变长结构体
char arKey[1];
} Bucket;The Bucket structure contains the pData element that points to the user data, which actually points to the variable zval structure we introduced before. This is why when creating an array, array element 1 appears. variable container.
Hash table internal structure diagram
From the above figure we can see that when Bucket stores data, if If there is a hash conflict, multiple keywords will be mapped to the linked list, thus forming a doubly linked list
Summary Today, we Using arrays as the entry point, we briefly understood the basic data structures: hash tables and linked lists; and also learned about the underlying implementation of arrays, that is, hash tables doubly linked lists. In fact, the hash table is the most important data structure in PHP and has many uses. Variable symbol tables, function lists, etc. are all stored using hash tables
The above is the detailed content of PHP array implementation principle. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
Hot AI Tools
Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos
AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.
Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free
Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover
Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!
Hot Article
Hot Tools
Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor
SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use
Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment
Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
Hot Topics
1672
14
1428
52
1332
25
1276
29
1256
24
PHP: A Key Language for Web Development
Apr 13, 2025 am 12:08 AM
PHP is a scripting language widely used on the server side, especially suitable for web development. 1.PHP can embed HTML, process HTTP requests and responses, and supports a variety of databases. 2.PHP is used to generate dynamic web content, process form data, access databases, etc., with strong community support and open source resources. 3. PHP is an interpreted language, and the execution process includes lexical analysis, grammatical analysis, compilation and execution. 4.PHP can be combined with MySQL for advanced applications such as user registration systems. 5. When debugging PHP, you can use functions such as error_reporting() and var_dump(). 6. Optimize PHP code to use caching mechanisms, optimize database queries and use built-in functions. 7
PHP and Python: Comparing Two Popular Programming Languages
Apr 14, 2025 am 12:13 AM
PHP and Python each have their own advantages, and choose according to project requirements. 1.PHP is suitable for web development, especially for rapid development and maintenance of websites. 2. Python is suitable for data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence, with concise syntax and suitable for beginners.
PHP in Action: Real-World Examples and Applications
Apr 14, 2025 am 12:19 AM
PHP is widely used in e-commerce, content management systems and API development. 1) E-commerce: used for shopping cart function and payment processing. 2) Content management system: used for dynamic content generation and user management. 3) API development: used for RESTful API development and API security. Through performance optimization and best practices, the efficiency and maintainability of PHP applications are improved.
The Enduring Relevance of PHP: Is It Still Alive?
Apr 14, 2025 am 12:12 AM
PHP is still dynamic and still occupies an important position in the field of modern programming. 1) PHP's simplicity and powerful community support make it widely used in web development; 2) Its flexibility and stability make it outstanding in handling web forms, database operations and file processing; 3) PHP is constantly evolving and optimizing, suitable for beginners and experienced developers.
PHP and Python: Different Paradigms Explained
Apr 18, 2025 am 12:26 AM
PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.
PHP vs. Other Languages: A Comparison
Apr 13, 2025 am 12:19 AM
PHP is suitable for web development, especially in rapid development and processing dynamic content, but is not good at data science and enterprise-level applications. Compared with Python, PHP has more advantages in web development, but is not as good as Python in the field of data science; compared with Java, PHP performs worse in enterprise-level applications, but is more flexible in web development; compared with JavaScript, PHP is more concise in back-end development, but is not as good as JavaScript in front-end development.
PHP and Python: Code Examples and Comparison
Apr 15, 2025 am 12:07 AM
PHP and Python have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on project needs and personal preferences. 1.PHP is suitable for rapid development and maintenance of large-scale web applications. 2. Python dominates the field of data science and machine learning.
PHP: Handling Databases and Server-Side Logic
Apr 15, 2025 am 12:15 AM
PHP uses MySQLi and PDO extensions to interact in database operations and server-side logic processing, and processes server-side logic through functions such as session management. 1) Use MySQLi or PDO to connect to the database and execute SQL queries. 2) Handle HTTP requests and user status through session management and other functions. 3) Use transactions to ensure the atomicity of database operations. 4) Prevent SQL injection, use exception handling and closing connections for debugging. 5) Optimize performance through indexing and cache, write highly readable code and perform error handling.
