Let's talk about the communication mechanism between Nginx and php-fpm and see how to configure it?

This article will talk about the communication mechanism between Nginx and php-fpm, introduce the differences between the two communication methods, see how to configure the combination of Nginx and php-fpm, and analyze how to choose the communication method in the application. Hope it can help everyone!

PHP-FPM Introduction

CGI protocol and FastCGI protocol

Each dynamic language (PHP, Python etc.) code files need to pass the corresponding parser to be recognized by the server, and the CGI protocol is used to enable the interpreter and the server to communicate with each other. The parsing of PHP files on the server requires the use of a PHP interpreter, coupled with the corresponding CGI protocol, so that the server can parse PHP files.

Since the mechanism of CGI requires forking a CGI process for each request, and then killing the process after the request is completed, which is a waste of resources in practical applications, so an improved version of CGI, FastCGI, appeared. After processing, the process will not be killed, but multiple requests will continue to be processed, which greatly improves efficiency.

What is PHP-FPM

PHP-FPM is PHP-FastCGI Process Manager. It is the implementation of FastCGI and provides process management functions. The process includes two types: master process and worker process; there is only one master process, which is responsible for listening to the port and receiving requests from the server, while there are generally multiple worker processes (the specific number is configured according to actual needs), and each process will have one embedded in it. The PHP interpreter is where the code is actually executed.

Nginx and php-fpm communication mechanism

When we visit a website (such as www.test.com), the processing flow is like this:

  www.test.com
        |
        |
      Nginx
        |
        |
路由到 www.test.com/index.php
        |
        |
加载 nginx 的 fast-cgi 模块
        |
        |
fast-cgi 监听 127.0.0.1:9000 地址
        |
        |
www.test.com/index.php 请求到达 127.0.0.1:9000
        |
        |
     等待处理...

The combination of Nginx and php-fpm

On Linux, there are two ways of communication between nginx and php-fpm: tcp socket and unix socket.

The advantage of tcp socket is that it can cross servers. This method can only be used when nginx and php-fpm are not on the same machine.

Unix socket is also called IPC (inter-process communication) socket, which is used to implement inter-process communication on the same host. This method requires filling in the socket file location of php-fpm in the nginx configuration file. .

The data transmission process of the two methods is shown in the figure below:

The difference between the two:

Due to Unix socket There is no need to go through the network protocol stack, package and unpack, calculate checksums, maintain sequence numbers and responses, etc. It just copies the application layer data from one process to another. Therefore, its efficiency is higher than that of tcp socket, which can reduce unnecessary tcp overhead. However, unix sockets are unstable when concurrency is high. When the number of connections explodes, a large number of long-term caches will be generated. Without the support of a connection-oriented protocol, large data packets may directly go wrong without returning an exception. Connection-oriented protocols such as tcp can better ensure the correctness and integrity of communication.

The combination of Nginx and php-fpm only requires settings in their respective configuration files:

1) Configuration in Nginx

Take tcp socket communication as an example

server {
    listen       80; #监听 80 端口，接收http请求
    server_name  www.test.com; #就是网站地址
    root /usr/local/etc/nginx/www/huxintong_admin; # 准备存放代码工程的路径
    #路由到网站根目录 www.test.com 时候的处理
    location / {
        index index.php; #跳转到 www.test.com/index.php
        autoindex on;
    }   

    #当请求网站下 php 文件的时候，反向代理到 php-fpm
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include /usr/local/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf; #加载 nginx 的 fastcgi 模块
        fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
        fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000; # tcp 方式，php-fpm 监听的 IP 地址和端口
       # fasrcgi_pass /usr/run/php-fpm.sock # unix socket 连接方式
    }

}

2) Configuration of php-fpm

listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
# 或者下面这样
listen = /var/run/php-fpm.sock

Note that when using unix socket to connect, since the socket file is essentially a file, there are permission control issues, so you need to pay attention to the nginx process There is a problem with the permissions of php-fpm, otherwise it will prompt that there is no permission to access. (Set users in respective configuration files)

The communication between php-fpm and nginx can be completed through the above configuration.

Selection in application

If nginx and php-fpm are running on the same server, and the concurrency is not high (no more than 1000), choose unix socket to improve nginx Communication efficiency with php-fpm.
If you are facing high concurrent business, consider using a more reliable tcp socket to maintain efficiency through operation and maintenance methods such as load balancing and kernel optimization.

If the concurrency is high but you still want to use unix socket, you can improve the stability of unix socket through the following methods.

1) Place the sock file in the /dev/shm directory. Place the sock file in the memory in this directory, so that the memory can be read and written faster.

2) Increase the backlog

The backlog default bit is 128, 1024. This value is best converted into your own normal QPS, and the configuration is as follows.

nginx.conf file

server {
        listen 80 default backlog = 1024;
       }

php-fpm.conf file

listen.backlog = 1024

3) Add sock file and php-fpm instance

in/ Create a new sock file in dev/shm, load balance requests to two sock files through the upstream module in nginx, and map the two sock files to two sets of php-fpm instances.

Recommended learning: "PHP Video Tutorial"

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