基于Python Shell获取hostname和fqdn释疑

WBOY
Release: 2016-06-10 15:06:25
Original
1592 people have browsed it

一直以来被Linux的hostname和fqdn(Fully Qualified Domain Name)困惑了好久,今天专门抽时间把它们的使用细节弄清了。

一、设置hostname/fqdn

在Linux系统内设置hostname很简单,如:

$ hostname florian

如果要设置fqdn的话,需要对/etc/hosts进行配置。

$ cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.1 florian.test.com florian 
Copy after login

/etc/hosts配置文件的格式是:

ip fqdn [alias]...

即第一列为主机ip地址,第二列为主机fqdn地址,第三列以后为别名,可以省略,否则至少要包含hostname。

上述配置文件的配置项的第一行为localhost的配置,第二行为主机名florian配置fqdn=florian.test.com,ip=192.168.1.1。
至于fqdn的域名后缀,最好和文件/etc/sysconfig/network的HOSTNAME配置保持一致:

$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=test.com
Copy after login

二、查看hostname/fqdn

配置完成后,可以使用shell命令查看hostname和fqdn:

$ hostname && hostname -f 
florian
florian.test.com 
Copy after login

使用ping去测试hostname的ip映射是否成功。

$ ping florian
PING florian.test.com (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
$ ping florian.test.com
PING florian.test.com (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 
Copy after login

也可以使用python命令获取hostname和fqdn。

$ python 
Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 7 2011, 20:48:22) 
[GCC 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import socket
>>> socket.gethostname()
'florian'
>>> socket.getfqdn() 
'florian.test.com' 
Copy after login

三、使用ip设置hostname带来的fqdn问题

以上描述了正常设置hostname和fqdn的方法,但是有时会使用ip地址直接作为hostname,此时会有些不同。

$ hostname 192.168.1.1
$ hostname && hostname -f
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1 
Copy after login

我们发现使用ip作为hostname后,使用shell命令查询hostname和fqdn都是ip地址!!!这是因为DNS协议会解析hostname的内容,当发现其为ip地址时,则不会再去查询/etc/hosts文件。

再使用python查看一下,会发现python获取的fqdn竟然还是florian.test.com!!!

$ python
Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 7 2011, 20:48:22) 
[GCC 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import socket 
>>> socket.gethostname()
'192.168.1.1'
>>> socket.getfqdn()
'florian.test.com' 
Copy after login

即便是刷新dns缓存也无济于事:

$ service nscd reload

将/etc/hosts文件的第二行注释:

cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
# 192.168.1.1 florian.test.com florian 
Copy after login

刷新dns缓存:

$ service nscd reload

我们发现fqdn恢复正常了。

$ python
Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 7 2011, 20:48:22) 
[GCC 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import socket 
>>> socket.gethostname()
'192.168.1.1'
>>> socket.getfqdn()
'192.168.1.1' 
Copy after login

之所以会有这样的行为,是因为python解析fqdn的逻辑和DNS并不完全一致,它会根据hostname查询对应的ip地址,然后在/etc/hosts内获取ip地址对应的配置行(第一行有效),然后解析fqdn列和alias列,并返回第一个包含字符'.'的对应列的值。

因此,使用ip设置hostname时,需要注意两点:

•首先,将hostname设置为ip地址
•其次,将/etc/hosts内包含该ip的配置项移除

为了保险起见,我们可以在/etc/hosts内尽可能靠前的位置添加如下配置:

cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 
Copy after login

这样,即便是之后有包含该ip的配置项也不会生效,python会优先解析第二行的配置项,并获取和ip地址完全一样的fqdn地址。当然,使用shell命令hostname获取fqdn也不会出错,因为hostname已经被设为ip地址形式了。

下面给大家介绍python shell 根据ip 获取 hostname || 根据hostname 获取 ip

利用 socket 模块 里的 gethostbyname 函数

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">>>> import <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">socket</span> >>> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">socket</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">gethostbyname</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"www.baidu.com"</span>) <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'61.135.169.125'</span> >>> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">socket</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">gethostbyname</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"rs.xidian.edu.cn"</span>) <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'202.117.119.1'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
Copy after login

方法2 利用 shell 中 hostname 命令

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def getHostName(ip): <span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'java -jar %s %s "hostname > %s.hostname"'</span> %(<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">remoteCmdLoca</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> = subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'%s -q -r -pw Sybase123 %s root@%s:/root'</span> % (<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">pscpLoca</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">pscpLoca</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> = subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'%s -q -r -pw Sybase123 root@%s:/root/%s.hostname %s'</span> %(<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">pscpLoca</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">sumAutoLoca</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> = subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>)</span> fileName = sumAutoLoca + ip + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.hostname'</span> readFile = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">open</span>(fileName,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'r'</span>) hostnameInfo = str(readFile.readline().strip(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'\n'</span>)) readFile.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">close</span>() subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'rm '</span>+ fileName, <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=True) print <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"=========%s hostname is %s========"</span> %(ip,hostnameInfo) <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> hostnameInfo</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>
Copy after login

设计思路 ##

有时候socket不太稳定, 具体原因带查明

目的: 根据 ip 获取 hostname (适当改进也可逆转)

先设计了一个远程执行 ssh 命令jar, 或者可以用plink, 链接enter link description here

利用subprocess.call命令在远程ip机器上执行hostname > %s.hostname命令, 将hostname 信息输出到文件

用pscp将本地的pscp文件复制到远程ip机器上 /root 目录下(后来发现这步不需要)

然后利用本地的 pscp 将远程机器上带有hostname的文本文件/root/%s.hostname 复制到本地

利用 python 的文本读取功能读取信息, 从中取出hostname字符串

再利用 rm 命令把远程机器和本地的文本文件都删除

source:php.cn
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Popular Tutorials
More>
Latest Downloads
More>
Web Effects
Website Source Code
Website Materials
Front End Template