Preface
This article contains common Linux commands. There is a little trick here. Basically all commands are followed by --h to show how to use them. Therefore, there is no need to memorize them by rote. If you know their meaning, you will understand their shape. (Recommended: Linux Video Tutorial)
is classified as follows:
● File & Directory Operations (16)
● View File & Content Processing ( 18 items)
● File compression & decompression (3 items)
● Information display (11 items)
● File search (4 items)
●●Process management (11 items)
●User management (7 items)
●Network operations (11 items)
●Disk & file system (7 items)
● System permissions (3)
● Shut down and restart (5)
● Others (6)
File & directory operations (16) )
ls
● ls -a View all files, including hidden files
● ls -l Abbreviation ll, view detailed information
● ls -h Display the file size in an easy-to-read format
cd
● cd ../ Return to the upper directory
● cd ~ Go to home directory
●cd - Return to the last directory
cp
●cp -r Copy the directory and files under the directory
find
● Find / -name 'target' Query the file named target under the root directory
mkdir
●mkdir -p /tmp/test Create directory recursively
mv
●mv -f source destination Force
pwd
● pwd displays the current path
#rm
● rm -rf / Forcefully delete files in the root directory and directory, that’s us What is usually called deleting the database and running away
touch
● Touch target creates the target file and changes the file timestamp if the file exists
tree
● The tree function is to display the contents of the directory in a tree structure
basename
● basename /tmp/1 display File name
dirname
● dirname /tmp/1 Display path
chattr
● chattr i /tmp/1 Add i attribute to prevent the file from being modified
lsattr
● lsattr /tmp/1 View the extended attributes of the file
file
● file /tmp/1 Display file type
md5
● md5 /tmp/1 Display File MD5 value
View file & content processing (18)
cat
● cat -n display line number
● cat file1 file2 Open files 1 and 2
more
● more file1 Display page by page
less
●●less file1 is also displayed page by page, in the opposite direction to more
head
●head -n file displays the file header n lines
tail
tail -n file displays the last n lines of the file
tailf file displays the last 10 lines of the file in real time, often used to track log information
cut
● Who|cut -b 1-3,5 Outputs 1 to 3 bytes and the 5th byte of each line
●who|cut -c -3 Output 1 to 3 characters of each line
● Who|cut -c 3- Output the 3rd character of each line to the end of the line
●who|cut -d ' ' -f 1 Use space as the delimiter to output the first domain
split
Split -b 10k date.file Split the file into multiples of 10k Subfile
● Split -b 10k date.file split_file Specify the subfile prefix as split_file
#paste
●psate file1 file2 file3 will 3 Merge files by columns
sort
Sort -n Sort by numerical size
Sort -r Sort in reverse order
● sort -t specifies the delimiter
● sort -u ignores the same lines
uniq
● uniq -c displays the number of occurrences, Only adjacent ones are considered duplicates
● uniq -d only displays duplicate lines
●unqi -u only displays non-duplicate lines
wc
● wc -l displays the number of columns
diff
##● diff file1 file2 Compare the differences between two files
rev
● rev file Reverse output file content
grep
●grep 'target' file Filter the output file to contain target Lines
●grep -v 'target' file Filters the lines that do not contain target in the output file
●grep -c 'target' file Filters the number of lines that contain target in the output file
●grep -i 'target' file Ignore case
●egrep '[1-9]|a' file Filter output lines matched by regular expressions
●Seq 10 | grep "5" -A 3 Displays the 3 lines after matching a certain result
● seq 10 | grep "5" -B 3 Displays the 3 lines before matching a certain result
● seq 10 | grep "5" -C 3 Displays the first three lines and the last three lines matching a certain result
#join
● join file1 file2 Join the two files , connect lines with the same content in the specified field
tr
● cat text | tr '\t' ' ' Replace tab characters with spaces
vim
Three modes:
● Edit mode (command mode)
● Input mode
● Last line mode
Mode conversion
Edit-> Input
i: 在当前光标所在字符的前面，转为输入模式；
a: 在当前光标所在字符的后面，转为输入模式；
o: 在当前光标所在行的下方，新建一行，并转为输入模式；
I：在当前光标所在行的行首，转换为输入模式
A：在当前光标所在行的行尾，转换为输入模式
O：在当前光标所在行的上方，新建一行，并转为输入模式；
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Input-> Edit
Edit-> Last line:
Last line-> Edit:
Open file
vim +# :打开文件，并定位于第#行
vim +：打开文件，定位至最后一行
vim +/PATTERN : 打开文件，定位至第一次被PATTERN匹配到的行的行首
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Close File
:q 退出
:wq 保存并退出
:q! 不保存并退出
:w 保存
:w! 强行保存
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Move the cursor (edit mode)
##Move character by characterh: 左
l: 右
j: 下
k: 上
#h: 移动#个字符
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Move in units of wordsw: 移至下一个单词的词首
e: 跳至当前或下一个单词的词尾
b: 跳至当前或前一个单词的词首
#w: 移动#个单词
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Jump within the line0: 绝对行首
^: 行首的第一个非空白字符
$: 绝对行尾
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Jump between lines#G：跳转至第#行
gg: 第一行
G：最后一行
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Screen flip
Ctrl+f: 向下翻一屏
Ctrl+b: 向上翻一屏
Ctrl+d: 向下翻半屏
Ctrl+u: 向上翻半屏
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Delete a single character
x: 删除光标所在处的单个字符
#x: 删除光标所在处及向后的共#个字符
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dd: 删除当前光标所在行
#dd: 删除包括当前光标所在行在内的#行；
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Undo editing operation
u：撤消前一次的编辑操作
#u: 直接撤消最近#次编辑操作
连续u命令可撤消此前的n次编辑操作
撤消最近一次撤消操作：Ctrl+r
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Find
/PATTERN
?PATTERN
n 下一个
N 上一个
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tar
●tar zxvf FileName.tar.gz Decompression
●tar zcvf FileName.tar.gz DirName Compression
zip
● zip -r html.zip/home/html Recursive compression
unzip
● unzip test.zip -d /tmp Extract to the specified directory
Information display (11 items)
uname
●uname -a Display all system information
hostname
● hostname displays the host name
dmesg
● dmesg displays boot information
uptime
● uptime displays system running time and load
stat
#● stat displays file status information
du
● du -sh displays the size of all files under the path
●du -sh local displays the file size of the local directory under the path
● du -sh * Display the size of all directory files under the path
df
● df -h Display the system disk space usage
top
● Top displays system resource usage in real time
#free
● free -m Views the system in M units Memory
date
date "%Y-%m-%d" 2019-05-28
date -d "1 day ago" "% Y-% m-% d" Output yesterday's date
● Date -d "1 day" % Y% m% d Display the previous day's date
● date -d "-1 day" % Y% m% d displays the date of the next day
● Date -d "-1 month" % Y% m% d displays the date of the previous month
● date -d " 1 month" % Y% m% d displays the date of the next month
● date -d "-1 year" % Y% m% d displays the date of the previous year
● date -d "1 year" % Y% m% d displays the date of the next year
cal
● Cal calendar information
Search files (4)
which
●which pwd displays the command path
find
●find /-name 'target' Query the file named target under the root directory
whereis
● whereis php search binary command
locate
● locate target from the database (/var/ lib/mlocate/mlocate.db) Find the target file and use updatedb to update the library
Process Management (11)
jobs
● Jobs View How many commands are currently running in the background
#bg
●bg 1 Continue executing a command that is paused in the background, 1 is the job number
● (ctrl z) can suspend the program and return the job number
fg
● fg 1 Move the command in the background to the foreground to continue running, 1 is the job number
kill
● Kill process number kills the process
●kill -9 process number kills the process
● Killall
● Killall php Kill the process by process name
●killall -9 php Kill the process by process name
pkill
●Usage is the same as above
crontab
●crontab -l View scheduled tasks
●crontab -e Edit scheduled tasks
●crontab -l -u user1 View user1's scheduled tasks, only root has permission
●crontab -e -u user1 Edit user1's scheduled tasks, only root has permission
ps
●ps -ef View the process, display UID, PPIP, C and STIME, and the environment variable field used by each program
●ps -axu View all processes, and Display the process number and process id tree belonging to the user
pstree
●pstree -p Display the process number and process id tree of all current processes
●pstree -a Display all processes All detailed information tree
nohup
● nohup command & does not hang up the program when exiting the account, it is still running in the background
pgrep
● pgrep -l httpd Find http-related process numbers
User management (7)
useradd
● useradd boy -u 888 Create a new user account and set the ID
● useradd –g sales jack –G company,employees
● -g: Join the main group -G: Join Secondary group
usermod
Usermod -G staff newuser2 Add newuser2 to group staff
Usermod -l newuser1 newuser Modify newuser The username is newuser1
● usermod -L newuser1 locks the account newuser1
● usermod -U newuser1 unlocks newuser1
userdel
● Userdel -f user1 Forcefully delete the user
● Userdel -r user1 When deleting the user, delete all files related to the user
groupadd
●groupadd -g 1000 group1 Create a new group and set the group ID to join the system
passwd
●passwd user1 Modify user1 password
●●passwd -l user1 Lock password
●passwd -d user1 Delete password
su
●su root Switch identity
sudo
● sudo command Running command as administrator
Network operations (11)
telnet
● Telnet 127.0.0.1 Log in to the remote host
ssh
● ssh root@127.0.0.1 -p22 Log in to the remote host
scp
● scp local_file remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder Copy local to remote
●scp remote_username@remote_ip:remote_folder local_file Remote copy to local
wget
●wget url Download a file
●wget --limit -rate=300k url speed limit download
● wget -c url resume breakpoint
●wget -b url background download
ping
● ping www.baidu.com -c 2 End after receiving two packets
route
● route displays the current route
ifconfig
●ifconfig View, configure, enable or disable network interfaces
ifup
ifup eth0 Open eth0 Network card
●ifdown
●ifdown eth0 Close eth0 network card
netstat
●netstat -at List all tcp ports
●netstat -au lists all udp ports
●netstat -l displays only listening ports
ss
● ss - t -a displays all tcp links
● ss -l displays sockets in listening state
Disk & file system (7)
mount
● mount /dev/hda1 /mnt Mount /dev/hda1 to the /mnt directory
● umount
● umount -v /mnt/mymount / Unmount/mnt/mymount/
fsck
● fsck -y /dev/hda2 Check and repair the Linux file system
dumpe2fs
● dumpe2fs /dev/hda1 View file system information
dump
● dump -0u -f /tmp/homeback.bak /home
Back up all the contents of the /home directory to the /tmp/homeback.bak file, the backup level is 0 and record relevant information in /etc/dumpdates
fdisk
● fdisk /dev/sdb
Enter m to list the executable commands
Enter p to list the current partition status of the disk
Enter d Then select the partition and delete the existing partition
Enter print to check the partition status and confirm that the partition has been deleted
Enter n to create a new disk partition
Enter w to finally operate the partition Save
mkfs
●mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda6 Format the sda6 partition into ext3 format
System permissions (3)
chmod
●Chmod 777 file1 Modify file1 file permissions to 777
●Chmod u x,g w file1 Set file1 to be executable by yourself, team members Writable permissions
chown
●Chown -R root /usr/meng Modifies the directory /usr/meng and all files and subdirectories below it Change the file owner to root
chgrp
●chgrp -R mengxin /usr/meng Change the user group of all files in /usr/meng and its subdirectories Shut down and restart for mengxin
(5)
shutdown
● Shutdown -h now Shut down immediately
●shutdown 5 " System will shutdown after 5 minutes" Specifies the shutdown after 5 minutes and sends a warning message to the logged in user
halt
● Halt -p Turn off the power after shutting down the system
● Halt -d shuts down the system without leaving a record
poweroff
●poweroff -f forcefully shuts down the operating system
logout
●logout exits the currently logged-in Shell
exit
● exit exits the currently logged-in Shell
Others (6)
echo
● echo 'hello' prints strings and variables
print
●printf 'hell0' Formatted output string
rpm
●rpm -ivh your-package.rpm Install rpm package
● rpm -Uvh your-package.rpm Upgrade rpm package
● rpm -e package Uninstall
● rpm -qa List all installed packages
● rpm -ql package name rpm where to install the files in the package
yum
● yum install php install php
● yum remove php Uninstall php
clear
●clear Clear the screen
history
●history 10 The 10 most recently used historical commands
Extended reading:
Linux operation and maintenance tutorial
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