Django中的模型与数据库(Models and database) 对于数据库大家都不陌生,但是Models该怎么理解,官方文档中有这么一句话: A model is the single, definitive source of data about your data. It contains the essential fields and behaviors of thedata yo
Django中的模型与数据库(Models and database)
对于数据库大家都不陌生,但是Models该怎么理解,官方文档中有这么一句话:
A model is the single, definitive source of data about your data. It contains the essential fields and behaviors of thedata you’re storing. Generally, each model maps to a single database table.
下文暂且称Models为“模型”(个人叫法)
那么,模型具备以下三个特征:
每一个模型都是一个python子类。继承django.db.models.Model模型的每一个属性代表一个数据库字段除了上述之外,jango还提供了自动生成数据库访问的API为了方便理解我们举个例子下面这个例子我们建立了一个Person的模型,且有两个字段)first_name,last_name
<code><span>from</span> django.db <span>import</span> models <span><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>(models.Model)</span>:</span> first_name = models.CharField(max_length=<span>30</span>) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=<span>30</span>) first_name和last_name是Person模型的Field,每一个Field都是一个指定的类的属性,每一个属性映射到数据库的没一列</code>
这里我就有一个疑问,到底Field能不能称为字段?
<code>上面的Person模型将会对应一张这样的数据库表: CREATE TABLE myapp_person ( <span>"id"</span> serial NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, <span>"first_name"</span> varchar(<span>30</span>) NOT NULL, <span>"last_name"</span> varchar(<span>30</span>) NOT NULL ); 下面我们聊聊使用,一旦你声明了一个models,你需要去告诉jango你将会去使用该models,在你的settings里把你的 应用名加到INSTALLED_APPS中 INSTALLED_APPS = ( <span>#...</span> ’myapp’, <span>#...</span> ) 当你在INSTALLED_APPS添加新应用后,需要执行manage.py migrate </code>
接下来我们再来说说Fields
<code>它是模型的重要的一部分,它定义了数据库表的字段 <span>from</span> django.db <span>import</span> models <span><span>class</span> <span>Musician</span><span>(models.Model)</span>:</span> first_name = models.CharField(max_length=<span>50</span>) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=<span>50</span>) instrument = models.CharField(max_length=<span>100</span>) <span><span>class</span> <span>Album</span><span>(models.Model)</span>:</span> artist = models.ForeignKey(Musician) name = models.CharField(max_length=<span>100</span>) release_date = models.DateField() num_stars = models.IntegerField() 模型中每一个field是一个Field类实例,jango通过Field类类型去确定一下几个点。 <span>1.</span>数据库字段的类型 <span>2.</span>使用默认的HTML部件但渲染表单的field时(e.g. <input type="“text”">,<select>)</select></code>
Field option
<code>每一个Field都有一个特定参数,例如CharField,max_length null 如果是真,jango将会存储空值null进数据库 默认为false blank 如果为真,field将会允许空格的输入, 默认为false choices 一个二位元组,如果field中使用choices 则在前端展示的HTML组件就是<select> </select></code>
举个例子
<code> YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = ( (’FR’, ’Freshman’), (’SO’, ’Sophomore’), (’JR’, ’Junior’), (’SR’, ’Senior’), (’GR’, ’Graduate’), ) <span>from</span> django.db <span>import</span> models <span><span>class</span> <span>Person</span><span>(models.Model)</span>:</span> SHIRT_SIZES = ( (’S’, ’Small’), (’M’, ’Medium’), (’L’, ’Large’), ) name = models.CharField(max_length=<span>60</span>) shirt_size = models.CharField(max_length=<span>1</span>,choices=SHIRT_SIZES) <span>>>> </span>p = Person(name=<span>"Fred Flintstone"</span>, shirt_size=<span>"L"</span>) <span>>>> </span>p.save() <span>>>> </span>p.shirt_size u’L’ <span>>>> </span>p.get_shirt_size_display() u’Large’</code>
save()
这个在后台执行了一个插入sql。但是并没有真正的导数据库知道用户执行了save(),save()没有返回值,但是save()支持参数
<code>Model.save ([force_insert=<span>False</span>, force_update=<span>False</span>, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, update_fields=<span>None</span> ] )</code>
当你执行save()操作,jango执行以下步鄹
1:触发pre-save事件,这个信号,任何一个函数都可以监听这个事件
2:一些有特殊的字段类型的字段做处理,例如dateField和auto_now=True这时候得到的值是jango生成的时间,这里要注意的是,数据库的时间可能跟服务器的不一样,所以这里要注意时间同步。
3:为插入准备数据,每一个字段提供一个处理后的值
4:为插入准备sql,这里我理解为拼sql
5:发给数据库执行sql
all()
<code>all_entries = Entry.objects.all() 查看所有的内容 filter(**kwargs) 我们现在看下通过过滤器(filters)获取具体的值 Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=<span>2006</span>) exclude(**kwargs) Entry.objects.filter( <span>... </span>headline__startswith=’What’ <span>... </span>).exclude( <span>... </span>pub_date__gte=datetime.date.today() <span>... </span>).filter( <span>... </span>pub_date__gte=datetime(<span>2005</span>, <span>1</span>, <span>30</span>) … ) 返回除去与查找条件相符的数据 get() 如果想要返回指定的一个数据 one_enty = Entry.objects.get(pk=<span>1</span>) </code>
__id
<code>被指定的查询字段名字必须是模型field名字相对应,除非外键的情况 Entry.objects.filter(blog_id=<span>4</span>) 这时候返回并不是Entry中id=<span>4</span>的数据行,而是id对应主键算在的数据行</code>
__exact
<code>最普通的情况(默认添加) Entry.objects.get(headline__exact=<span>"Man bites dog"</span>) 翻译成sql就为 SELECT ... WHERE headline = ’Man bites dog’; Blog.objects.get(id__exact=<span>14</span>) <span># 明确的形式</span> Blog.objects.get(id=<span>14</span>) <span># __exact 默认添加</span></code>
__iexact
<code>Blog.objects.get(name__iexact=<span>"beatles blog"</span>) 结果可能是 <span>"Beatles Blog"</span>, <span>"beatles blog"</span>, <span>or</span> <span>"BeAtlES blOG"</span>. 不区分大小写</code>
__contains
<code>Entry.objects.get(headline__contains=’Lennon’) 模糊搜索,翻译成sql SELECT ... WHERE headline LIKE ’%Lennon%’;</code>
__ icontains
<code>Entry.objects.get(headline__icontains=’Lennon’) sql: SELECT ... WHERE headline ILIKE ’%Lennon%’;</code>
__in
<code>Entry.objects.filter(id__in=[<span>1</span>,<span>3</span>,<span>4</span>] sql: SELECT … WHERE id IN (<span>1</span>,<span>3</span>,<span>4</span>); 这种也可以用复合sql的形式表示 inner_qs = Blog.objects.filter(name__contains=’Cheddar’) entries = Entry.objects.filter(blog__in=inner_qs) sql: SELECT ... WHERE blog.id IN (SELECT id FROM ... WHERE NAME LIKE ’%Cheddar%’)</code>
__gt 大于
<code>Entry.objects.filter(id__gt=<span>4</span>) sql: SELECT … WHERE id > <span>4</span> __gte 大于等于 __lt 小于 __lte 小于等于</code>
__range
<code><span>import</span> datetime start_date = datetime.date(<span>2005</span>, <span>1</span>, <span>1</span>) end_date = datetime.date(<span>2005</span>, <span>3</span>, <span>31</span>) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__range=(start_date, end_date)) sql: SELECT ... WHERE pub_date BETWEEN ’<span>2005</span>-<span>01</span>-<span>01</span>’ <span>and</span> ’<span>2005</span>-<span>03</span>-<span>31</span>’;</code>
__year
<code>Entry.objects.filter(pub_date_year=<span>2005</span>) sql: SELECT … WHERE pub_date BETWEEN ‘<span>2005</span>-<span>01</span>-<span>01</span>’ <span>and</span> ‘<span>2005</span>-<span>12</span>-<span>31</span>’;</code>
__month
__day
__hour
__minute
<code>Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=<span>12</span>) sql: SELECT ... WHERE EXTRACT(’month’ FROM pub_date) = ’<span>12</span>’;</code>
__isnull
<code>Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=<span>True</span>) sql: SELECT ... WHERE pub_date IS NULL;</code>