為了確保現代分散式系統的可用性和效能，負載平衡和故障轉移至關重要。 Java 框架可以透過成熟的中間件解決方案輕鬆實現這些功能。透過負載平衡器，傳入流量可以均勻分配到後端伺服器群集，實現更好的可擴展性和可用性。故障轉移則可在某個元件發生故障時將流量重新導向至健康元件，確保應用程式的穩定運作。本文探討了 Java 框架中使用中介軟體實現負載平衡和故障轉移的具體實踐，包括在 Google Cloud 上建立目標池、健康檢查和負載平衡器的實戰案例。
Java 框架中的負載平衡和故障轉移：使用中間件
在現代分散式系統中，負載平衡和故障轉移至關重要，它們確保應用程式在面對峰值流量或組件故障時仍能保持可用性和效能。 Java 框架可以透過多種成熟的中間件解決方案來輕鬆實現這些功能。
負載平衡器
負載平衡器將傳入流量均勻地分配到後端伺服器群集中，實現更好的可擴展性和可用性。 Java 中常用的負載平衡器包括：
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.GlobalForwardingRule;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.ForwardingRuleService;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.RegionForwardingRule;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.ForwardingRule;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.TargetPool;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class CreateLoadBalancer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample
String project = "your-project-id";
String zone = "zone-name"; // optional, only required for region-wide forwarding rules
String region = "region-name"; // optional, only required for global forwarding rules
String forwardingRuleName = "your-forwarding-rule-name";
String targetPoolName = "your-target-pool-name";
String healthCheckName = "your-health-check-name";
String backendServiceName = "your-backend-service-name";
String port = "8080"; // your port
// Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
// once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
// the `client.close()` method on the client to safely
// clean up any remaining background resources.
try (ComputeEngine client = ComputeEngine.create()) {
// Create a new forwarding rule
ForwardingRule forwardingRule;
if (region == null) {
// Create regional forwarding rule
forwardingRule =
ForwardingRule.newBuilder()
.setName(forwardingRuleName)
.setTarget(String.format("/region/%s/targetPools/%s", region, targetPoolName))
.addPortRange(port)
.build();
RegionForwardingRule regionForwardingRule =
RegionForwardingRule.newBuilder().setForwardingRule(forwardingRule).setRegion(zone).build();
forwardingRule = client.insertRegionForwardingRule(regionForwardingRule, zone);
} else {
// Create global forwarding rule
forwardingRule =
ForwardingRule.newBuilder()
.setName(forwardingRuleName)
.setTarget(String.format("/global/targetPools/%s", targetPoolName))
.addPortRange(port)
.build();
GlobalForwardingRule globalForwardingRule =
GlobalForwardingRule.newBuilder()
.setForwardingRule(forwardingRule)
.setProject(project)
.build();
forwardingRule = client.insertGlobalForwardingRule(globalForwardingRule);
}
System.out.printf("Forwarding rule %s created.\n", forwardingRule.getName());
}
}
}故障轉移
#故障轉移是當某個元件（例如伺服器或資料庫）發生故障時，將流量重定向到健康組件的過程。 Java 中常用的故障轉移解決方案包括：
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.HealthCheck;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.HealthCheckService;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.RegionHealthCheck;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.ResourceGroupReference;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.TargetPool;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.TargetPoolService;
import java.io.IOException;
public class CreateHealthCheck {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample
String project = "your-project-id";
String zone = "zone-name";
String region = "region-name";
String targetPoolName = "your-target-pool-name";
String healthCheckName = "your-health-check-name";
// Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
// once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
// the `client.close()` method on the client to safely
// clean up any remaining background resources.
try (ComputeEngine client = ComputeEngine.create()) {
// Create a new health check
HealthCheck hc =
HealthCheck.newBuilder()
.setName(healthCheckName)
.setType("TCP")
.setPort(8080) // optional, ignored by TCP-based heath checks
.addTcpHealthCheck(
com.google.cloud.compute.v1.TcpHealthCheck.newBuilder()
.setRequest("/index.html")
.setResponse("200"))
.build();
// Add the health check to target pool
TargetPool targetPool =
TargetPool.newBuilder()
.setName(targetPoolName)
.addHealthChecks(String.format("/zone/%s/healthChecks/%s", zone, healthCheckName))
.build();
if (region == null) {
targetPool = client.updateRegionTargetPool(targetPool, zone);
} else {
targetPool = client.updateGlobalTargetPool(targetPool);
}
System.out.printf("Added health check %s to target pool %s.\n", healthCheckName, targetPoolName);
}
}
}實戰案例：使用Google Cloud Load Balancing
以下是一個使用Google Cloud Load Balancing 實現負載平衡和故障轉移的實戰案例：
#透過遵循這些步驟，您可以使用中間件輕鬆地
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