Spring MVC 面試問問題-java教程-PHP中文網

1. 什麼是 Model 1 架構？

模型 1 架構 是一種用於開發 Web 應用程式的早期設計模式。在此架構中，JSP（JavaServer Pages）扮演核心角色，處理表示和業務邏輯。

alt text

如上圖所示，有一張圖片顯示了 Model1 架構的流程。

瀏覽器發送JSP頁面請求
JSP存取Java Bean並呼叫業務邏輯
Java Bean 連接資料庫並取得/儲存資料
回應被傳送到由JSP產生的瀏覽器

流程:
- 客戶端請求直接傳送到JSP頁面。
- JSP 頁面處理請求，與模型（資料）交互，並產生回應。
特徵：
- 對於小型應用來說簡單明了。
- JSP 頁面將表示邏輯 (HTML) 與業務邏輯（Java 程式碼）混合在一起。
- 有限的關注點分離。
缺點：
- 難以維護和擴展。
- 混合表示和業務邏輯可能會導致義大利麵條式程式碼。

2. 什麼是 Model 2 架構？

Spring MVC Interview Asked Questions

Model 2 架構 是一種用於開發 Web 應用程式的高階設計模式，通常稱為 MVC（模型-視圖-控制器）架構。它將應用程式邏輯分為三個主要元件：模型、視圖和控制器。

流程:
- 客戶端請求被傳送到控制器。
- 控制器處理請求，與模型交互，並將回應轉發給視圖。
- 視圖將回應呈現給客戶端。
組件：
- 模型：代表應用程式的資料和業務邏輯。
- View：表示表示層（通常是 JSP 或其他模板引擎）。
- 控制器：處理使用者請求並控制應用程式的流程。
特徵：
- 明確的關注點分離。
- 更容易維護和擴展。
- 對於更大的應用程式來說更具可擴展性。

3. Model 2 前端控制器架構是什麼？

Model 2 前端控制器架構 是 Model 2 (MVC) 架構的改進，其中單一控制器（稱為前端控制器）處理所有傳入請求。此模式進一步將請求處理邏輯與業務邏輯和視圖渲染解耦。

流程:
- 客戶端請求被傳送到單一前端控制器。
- 前端控制器將請求委託給特定的處理程序或控制器。
- 這些處理程序與模型互動並將回應轉發到適當的視圖。
組件：
- 前端控制器：處理所有傳入請求並將它們路由到適當的處理程序的中央控制器。
- 處理程序/控制器：處理單一請求和業務邏輯的特定控制器。
- 模型：代表應用程式的資料和業務邏輯。
- View：表示表示層（通常是 JSP 或其他模板引擎）。
特徵：
- 集中控制請求處理。
- 簡化應用程式流程的配置和管理。
- 增強的安全性和預處理功能（例如驗證、日誌記錄）。
- 更容易實現身份驗證、日誌記錄和異常處理等常見功能。

您能展示 Spring MVC 中的範例控制器方法嗎？

@Controller
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    public String sayHello(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello, World!");
        return "helloView";
    }
}

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總結：上面的範例示範了 Spring MVC 中的一個簡單控制器方法，它將 /hello 請求對應到 sayHello 方法。此方法會為模型新增一則訊息並傳回一個視圖名稱（helloView）。

Can you explain a simple flow in Spring MVC?

Client Request: A user sends an HTTP request to a URL mapped to a Spring MVC controller.
DispatcherServlet: The request is received by the DispatcherServlet, the front controller in Spring MVC.
Handler Mapping: The DispatcherServlet consults the HandlerMapping to determine the appropriate controller to handle the request.
Controller: The controller processes the request. In the example above, MyController's sayHello method handles the request.
Model: The controller interacts with the model to retrieve or update data. It adds data to the model to be used in the view.
View Name: The controller returns the view name (e.g., helloView).
ViewResolver: The ViewResolver resolves the logical view name to a physical view (e.g., helloView.jsp).
Render View: The view (e.g., JSP, Thymeleaf) is rendered and returned to the client.

Summary: A Spring MVC request flow starts with a client request and goes through the DispatcherServlet, HandlerMapping, and controller. The controller interacts with the model, returns a view name, and the ViewResolver resolves it to a physical view which is then rendered and returned to the client.

What is a ViewResolver?

A ViewResolver is a component in Spring MVC that resolves view names to actual view files. It maps the logical view name returned by the controller to a specific view implementation (e.g., JSP file, Thymeleaf template).

Example:

@Bean
public InternalResourceViewResolver viewResolver() {
    InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver();
    resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/views/");
    resolver.setSuffix(".jsp");
    return resolver;
}

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Summary: A ViewResolver in Spring MVC maps logical view names to physical view files, enabling the separation of view names in controllers from the actual view files.

What is a Model?

A Model in Spring MVC is an interface that provides a way to pass attributes to the view for rendering. It acts as a container for the data to be displayed in the view.

Example:

@Controller
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    public String sayHello(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello, World!");
        return "helloView";
    }
}

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Summary: The Model in Spring MVC is used to pass data from the controller to the view. It allows adding attributes that will be available in the view for rendering.

What is ModelAndView?

ModelAndView is a holder for both the model and the view in Spring MVC. It encapsulates the data (model) and the view name or view object in one object.

Example:

@Controller
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping("/greeting")
    public ModelAndView greeting() {
        ModelAndView modelAndView = new ModelAndView();
        modelAndView.setViewName("greetingView");
        modelAndView.addObject("message", "Hello, Spring MVC!");
        return modelAndView;
    }
}

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Summary: ModelAndView in Spring MVC combines both the model data and the view name into one object, simplifying the return type from controllers when both model and view need to be specified.

What is a RequestMapping?

@RequestMapping is an annotation used to map HTTP requests to handler methods of MVC and REST controllers. It can map requests based on URL, HTTP method, request parameters, headers, and media types.

Example:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/home")
public class HomeController {

    @RequestMapping(value = "/welcome", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String welcome(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome to Spring MVC!");
        return "welcomeView";
    }
}

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Summary: @RequestMapping is an annotation in Spring MVC that maps HTTP requests to specific controller methods based on URL patterns, HTTP methods, and other parameters, allowing precise routing of requests.

Summary of All Concepts with Examples

Controller Method:
- Handles HTTP requests and returns a view name or ModelAndView.
- Example: @RequestMapping("/hello") public String sayHello(Model model)
Flow in Spring MVC:
- Client request → DispatcherServlet → HandlerMapping → Controller → Model → View name → ViewResolver → Render view → Response to client.
- Example: MyController's sayHello method.
ViewResolver:
- Maps logical view names to actual view files.
- Example: InternalResourceViewResolver mapping helloView to helloView.jsp.
Model:
- Passes data from the controller to the view.
- Example: model.addAttribute("message", "Hello, World!")
ModelAndView:
- Encapsulates both model data and view name.
- Example: ModelAndView modelAndView = new ModelAndView("greetingView"); modelAndView.addObject("message", "Hello, Spring MVC!");
RequestMapping:
- Maps HTTP requests to controller methods.
- Example: @RequestMapping(value = "/welcome", method = RequestMethod.GET)

What is Dispatcher Servlet?

The DispatcherServlet is the central dispatcher for HTTP request handlers/controllers in a Spring MVC application. It is responsible for routing incoming web requests to appropriate controller methods, handling the lifecycle of a request, and returning the appropriate response.

How do you set up Dispatcher Servlet?

In a traditional Spring MVC application, you set up the DispatcherServlet in the web.xml configuration file or via Java configuration.

Using web.xml:

<web-app>
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>/WEB-INF/spring/dispatcher-config.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

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Using Java Configuration:

import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;

public class MyWebAppInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {

    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[] { RootConfig.class };
    }

    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[] { WebConfig.class };
    }

    @Override
    protected String[] getServletMappings() {
        return new String[] { "/" };
    }
}

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In this setup, RootConfig and WebConfig are configuration classes annotated with @Configuration.

Do we need to set up Dispatcher Servlet in Spring Boot?

No, in Spring Boot, you do not need to explicitly set up the DispatcherServlet. Spring Boot automatically configures the DispatcherServlet for you. By default, it is mapped to the root URL pattern (/), and Spring Boot will scan your classpath for @Controller and other related annotations.

Spring Boot Application Class:

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class MySpringBootApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(MySpringBootApplication.class, args);
    }
}

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In this setup, Spring Boot handles the DispatcherServlet setup internally, allowing you to focus on your application's logic without worrying about the boilerplate configuration.

Summary

DispatcherServlet: The core of Spring MVC that routes requests to appropriate handlers.
Traditional Setup: Configured via web.xml or Java configuration.
Spring Boot: Automatically configured, no explicit setup required.

What is a Form Backing Object?

A form backing object in Spring MVC is a Java object that is used to capture form input data. It acts as a data holder for form fields, facilitating the transfer of form data between the view and the controller. The form backing object is typically a POJO (Plain Old Java Object) with properties that correspond to the form fields.

Example:

public class User {
    private String name;
    private String email;
    // Getters and setters
}

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How is Validation Done Using Spring MVC?

Validation in Spring MVC is typically done using JSR-303/JSR-380 (Bean Validation API) annotations and a validator implementation. Spring provides support for validating form backing objects using these annotations and the @Valid or @Validated annotation in controller methods.

Example:

Form Backing Object with validation annotations:

import javax.validation.constraints.Email;
import javax.validation.constraints.NotEmpty;

public class User {
    @NotEmpty(message = "Name is required")
    private String name;

    @Email(message = "Email should be valid")
    @NotEmpty(message = "Email is required")
    private String email;

    // Getters and setters
}

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Controller method with @Valid:

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.validation.BindingResult;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;

import javax.validation.Valid;

@Controller
public class UserController {

    @GetMapping("/userForm")
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }

    @PostMapping("/userForm")
    public String submitForm(@Valid @ModelAttribute("user") User user, BindingResult result) {
        if (result.hasErrors()) {
            return "userForm";
        }
        // Process the form submission
        return "success";
    }
}

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What is BindingResult?

BindingResult is an interface provided by Spring that holds the results of the validation and binding of form backing objects. It contains information about validation errors and can be used to determine whether the form submission is valid.

Example:

@PostMapping("/userForm")
public String submitForm(@Valid @ModelAttribute("user") User user, BindingResult result) {
    if (result.hasErrors()) {
        return "userForm";
    }
    // Process the form submission
    return "success";
}

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How Do You Map Validation Results to Your View?

Validation results are automatically mapped to the view using the BindingResult object. The view can then access the error messages through the Spring form tags.

Example (JSP):

<form:form modelAttribute="user" method="post">
    <form:errors path="*" cssClass="error" />
    <div>
        <form:label path="name">Name:</form:label>
        <form:input path="name" />
        <form:errors path="name" cssClass="error" />
    </div>
    <div>
        <form:label path="email">Email:</form:label>
        <form:input path="email" />
        <form:errors path="email" cssClass="error" />
    </div>
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form:form>

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What are Spring Form Tags?

Spring form tags are a set of JSP tags provided by the Spring Framework to simplify the development of web forms. These tags bind form fields to form backing objects, making it easier to handle form data and validation errors.

Common Spring Form Tags:

: Represents the form element.
: Creates an input field.
: Creates a label for a field.
: Displays validation errors.
: Creates a select (dropdown) field.
: Represents an option in a dropdown field.
: Creates a checkbox input.
: Creates a radio button input.
: Creates a hidden input field.

Example:

<%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags/form" prefix="form" %>
<html>
<body>
    <h2>User Form</h2>
    <form:form modelAttribute="user" method="post">
        <div>
            <form:label path="name">Name:</form:label>
            <form:input path="name" />
            <form:errors path="name" cssClass="error" />
        </div>
        <div>
            <form:label path="email">Email:</form:label>
            <form:input path="email" />
            <form:errors path="email" cssClass="error" />
        </div>
        <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
    </form:form>
</body>
</html>

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Summary:

Form Backing Object: A Java object that holds form data.
Validation in Spring MVC: Done using JSR-303/JSR-380 annotations and the @Valid annotation in controllers.
BindingResult: Holds validation and binding results.
Mapping Validation Results: Done via the BindingResult object and Spring form tags.
Spring Form Tags: JSP tags for simplifying form handling and validation in views.

What is a Path Variable?

A Path Variable in Spring MVC is used to extract values from the URI of a web request. It allows you to capture dynamic values from the URI and use them in your controller methods.

Example:

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

@Controller
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping(value = "/user/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public String getUserById(@PathVariable("id") String userId) {
        return "User ID: " + userId;
    }
}

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In this example, if a request is made to /user/123, the method getUserById will capture 123 as the userId parameter.

What is a Model Attribute?

A Model Attribute in Spring MVC is used to bind a method parameter or a return value to a named model attribute, which can be accessed in the view. It is typically used to prepare data for rendering in the view.

Example:

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

@Controller
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String submitForm(@ModelAttribute User user) {
        // Process form submission
        return "result";
    }
}

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In this example, the User object is added to the model and made available to the view (userForm.jsp). When the form is submitted, the User object is populated with the form data and processed in the submitForm method.

What is a Session Attribute?

A Session Attribute in Spring MVC is used to store model attributes in the HTTP session, allowing them to persist across multiple requests. This is useful for maintaining state between requests.

Example:

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.SessionAttributes;

@Controller
@SessionAttributes("user")
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String submitForm(@ModelAttribute User user) {
        // Process form submission
        return "result";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/clearSession", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String clearSession(SessionStatus status) {
        status.setComplete();
        return "sessionCleared";
    }
}

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In this example, the User object is stored in the session and can be accessed across multiple requests. The clearSession method can be used to clear the session attributes.

Summary:

Path Variable: Extracts values from the URI to use in controller methods.
Model Attribute: Binds method parameters or return values to model attributes, making them accessible in views.
Session Attribute: Stores model attributes in the HTTP session to maintain state across multiple requests.

What is an Init Binder?

An Init Binder in Spring MVC is a mechanism that allows you to customize the way data is bound to the form backing objects. It is used to initialize WebDataBinder, which performs data binding from web request parameters to JavaBean objects. @InitBinder methods are used to register custom editors, formatters, and validators for specific form fields or types.

Key Uses of Init Binder:

Register Custom Property Editors: To convert form field values to specific types.
Register Custom Formatters: To format the input/output of date, number, or other complex types.
Add Validators: To perform custom validation logic.

Example of Init Binder

Scenario: You have a form that includes a date field and you want to use a specific date format.

Step 1: Define a form backing object

public class User {
    private String name;
    private Date birthDate;

    // Getters and setters
}

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Step 2: Define a controller with an @InitBinder method

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.WebDataBinder;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.InitBinder;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

@Controller
public class UserController {

    @InitBinder
    public void initBinder(WebDataBinder binder) {
        SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        dateFormat.setLenient(false);
        binder.registerCustomEditor(Date.class, new CustomDateEditor(dateFormat, false));
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    @ResponseBody
    public String submitForm(@ModelAttribute User user) {
        // Process form submission
        return "Name: " + user.getName() + ", Birth Date: " + user.getBirthDate();
    }
}

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Explanation:

Form Backing Object: User class with name and birthDate fields.
Controller:
- The @InitBinder method initBinder is defined to customize the data binding process.
- WebDataBinder is used to register a custom editor (CustomDateEditor) for Date class.
- CustomDateEditor uses a SimpleDateFormat to parse and format dates in the "yyyy-MM-dd" format.
- The showForm method adds a new User object to the model and returns the view name userForm.
- The submitForm method processes the form submission and returns a response with the user's name and birth date.

Step 3: Define the form view (JSP example)

<%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags/form" prefix="form" %>
<html>
<body>
    <h2>User Form</h2>
    <form:form modelAttribute="user" method="post">
        <div>
            <form:label path="name">Name:</form:label>
            <form:input path="name" />
        </div>
        <div>
            <form:label path="birthDate">Birth Date (yyyy-MM-dd):</form:label>
            <form:input path="birthDate" />
        </div>
        <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
    </form:form>
</body>
</html>

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Summary:

Init Binder: A method annotated with @InitBinder in a Spring MVC controller that customizes data binding.
Key Uses:
- Register custom property editors.
- Register custom formatters.
- Add validators.
Example:
- Custom date formatting using CustomDateEditor.
- Binding form data to a User object with a birthDate field formatted as "yyyy-MM-dd".

This customization allows precise control over how form data is converted and validated before it is bound to the controller's method parameters.

To set a default date format in a Spring application, you typically use an @InitBinder method in your controller to register a custom date editor. This approach allows you to specify the date format that should be used for all date fields in your form backing objects.

Here is a detailed example:

Step-by-Step Guide to Setting a Default Date Format

1. Define the Form Backing Object

Create a simple Java class to represent your form data.

public class User {
    private String name;
    private Date birthDate;

    // Getters and setters
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Date getBirthDate() {
        return birthDate;
    }

    public void setBirthDate(Date birthDate) {
        this.birthDate = birthDate;
    }
}

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2. Define the Controller

Create a Spring MVC controller with an @InitBinder method to register the custom date editor.

import org.springframework.beans.propertyeditors.CustomDateEditor;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.WebDataBinder;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.InitBinder;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

@Controller
public class UserController {

    @InitBinder
    public void initBinder(WebDataBinder binder) {
        SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        dateFormat.setLenient(false);
        binder.registerCustomEditor(Date.class, new CustomDateEditor(dateFormat, false));
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "userForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/form", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String submitForm(@ModelAttribute User user, Model model) {
        // Process form submission
        model.addAttribute("user", user);
        return "result";
    }
}

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3. Define the View (JSP Example)

Create a JSP file for the form (e.g., userForm.jsp).

<%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags/form" prefix="form" %>
<html>
<body>
    <h2>User Form</h2>
    <form:form modelAttribute="user" method="post">
        <div>
            <form:label path="name">Name:</form:label>
            <form:input path="name" />
        </div>
        <div>
            <form:label path="birthDate">Birth Date (yyyy-MM-dd):</form:label>
            <form:input path="birthDate" />
        </div>
        <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
    </form:form>
</body>
</html>

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Create another JSP file to display the result (e.g., result.jsp).

<html>
<body>
    <h2>Form Submitted</h2>
    <p>Name: ${user.name}</p>
    <p>Birth Date: ${user.birthDate}</p>
</body>
</html>

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Summary

Form Backing Object: Define a class (e.g., User) with a date field.
Controller:
- Use @InitBinder to register a CustomDateEditor with a specific date format.
- Handle form display and submission.
Views: Create JSP files for the form and the result display.

This approach ensures that all date fields in your form backing objects use the specified date format ("yyyy-MM-dd" in this example), simplifying date handling and validation in your Spring application.

Exception Handling in Spring MVC

Exception handling in Spring MVC can be done in various ways, from using traditional try-catch blocks to leveraging Spring's @ExceptionHandler and @ControllerAdvice annotations for a more centralized and sophisticated approach.

1. Using @ExceptionHandler in Controllers

You can handle exceptions locally within a controller by using the @ExceptionHandler annotation. This annotation is used to define a method that will handle exceptions thrown by request handling methods in the same controller.

Example:

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

@Controller
public class MyController {

    @RequestMapping(value = "/test", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String test() {
        if (true) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Test exception");
        }
        return "test";
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(RuntimeException.class)
    @ResponseBody
    public String handleRuntimeException(RuntimeException ex) {
        return "Handled RuntimeException: " + ex.getMessage();
    }
}

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2. Using @ControllerAdvice

For a more global approach to exception handling, you can use @ControllerAdvice. This annotation allows you to define a class that will handle exceptions for all controllers or specific controllers.

Example:

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(RuntimeException.class)
    @ResponseBody
    public String handleRuntimeException(RuntimeException ex) {
        return "Handled by GlobalExceptionHandler: " + ex.getMessage();
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ModelAndView handleException(Exception ex) {
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("error");
        mav.addObject("message", ex.getMessage());
        return mav;
    }
}

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In this example, GlobalExceptionHandler will handle RuntimeException and Exception globally for all controllers in the application.

Summary

Local Exception Handling:
- Use @ExceptionHandler in a controller to handle exceptions thrown by methods in the same controller.
Global Exception Handling:
- Use @ControllerAdvice to create a global exception handler that applies to multiple controllers.
- @ExceptionHandler methods within @ControllerAdvice can handle specific exceptions or a range of exceptions.

Detailed Example with Controller Advice

Step 1: Create a Controller

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class MyApiController {

    @GetMapping("/test")
    @ResponseBody
    public String test() {
        if (true) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Test exception in API");
        }
        return "test";
    }
}

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Step 2: Create a Global Exception Handler with @ControllerAdvice

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(RuntimeException.class)
    @ResponseBody
    public String handleRuntimeException(RuntimeException ex) {
        return "Handled by GlobalExceptionHandler: " + ex.getMessage();
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ModelAndView handleException(Exception ex) {
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("error");
        mav.addObject("message", ex.getMessage());
        return mav;
    }
}

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In this setup:

Any RuntimeException thrown by any controller will be handled by the handleRuntimeException method in GlobalExceptionHandler.
Any general Exception will be handled by the handleException method, returning a view named error with an error message.

Summary Points

Exception Handling in Controllers:
- @ExceptionHandler methods handle exceptions within the same controller.
Global Exception Handling with @ControllerAdvice:
- Centralized exception handling for all controllers.
- Can handle specific exceptions and provide common handling logic across the application.
- Simplifies maintenance by separating exception handling from business logic.
Use Cases:
- 本地處理：用於單一控制器內的特定異常處理需求。
- 全域處理：在整個應用程式中實作一致且可重複使用的異常處理策略。