您是否正在努力為您的 Web 應用程式選擇正確的身份驗證方法?你並不孤單!在當今快速發展的數位環境中,了解各種身份驗證機制對於開發人員和企業都至關重要。本綜合指南將揭露五種關鍵身分驗證方法:基於會話、JWT、基於令牌、單一登入 (SSO) 和 OAuth 2.0。我們將探討每種方法如何滿足不同的安全需求,並協助您為下一個專案做出明智的決定。
基於會話的身份驗證就像在活動中獲得腕帶一樣。進入後,您可以訪問所有內容,無需再次出示您的 ID。
✅ 優點:
❌缺點:
讓我們看看如何使用 Express.js 實作基於會話的身份驗證:
const express = require('express'); const session = require('express-session'); const app = express(); app.use(session({ secret: 'your-secret-key', resave: false, saveUninitialized: true, cookie: { secure: true, maxAge: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 } // 24 hours })); app.post('/login', (req, res) => { // Authenticate user req.session.userId = user.id; res.send('Welcome back!'); }); app.get('/dashboard', (req, res) => { if (req.session.userId) { res.send('Here's your personalized dashboard'); } else { res.send('Please log in to view your dashboard'); } }); app.listen(3000);
將智威湯遜視為數位護照。它包含您所有的重要訊息,您可以在不同的「國家」(服務)使用它,而無需每次都與您的祖國聯繫。
✅ 優點:
❌缺點:
這是一個使用 Express.js 和 jsonwebtoken 函式庫的快速範例:
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken'); app.post('/login', (req, res) => { // Authenticate user const token = jwt.sign( { userId: user.id, email: user.email }, 'your-secret-key', { expiresIn: '1h' } ); res.json({ token }); }); app.get('/dashboard', (req, res) => { const token = req.headers['authorization']?.split(' ')[1]; if (!token) return res.status(401).send('Access denied'); try { const verified = jwt.verify(token, 'your-secret-key'); res.send('Welcome to your dashboard, ' + verified.email); } catch (err) { res.status(400).send('Invalid token'); } });
想像一下,擁有一把萬能鑰匙可以打開辦公大樓的所有門。這就是數位世界中的 SSO!
✅ 優點:
❌缺點:
1. You visit app1.com 2. App1.com redirects you to sso.company.com 3. You log in at sso.company.com 4. SSO server creates a token and sends you back to app1.com 5. App1.com checks your token with the SSO server 6. You're in! And now you can also access app2.com and app3.com without logging in again
OAuth 2.0 就像您汽車的代客鑰匙。它可以在不交出您的主密鑰的情況下對您的資源進行有限的存取。
OAuth 2.0 允許第三方服務在不暴露密碼的情況下存取使用者資料。它不僅用於身份驗證,還用於授權。
✅ 優點:
❌缺點:
Here's a simplified example of the Authorization Code flow using Express.js:
const express = require('express'); const axios = require('axios'); const app = express(); app.get('/login', (req, res) => { const authUrl = `https://oauth.example.com/authorize?client_id=your-client-id&redirect_uri=http://localhost:3000/callback&response_type=code&scope=read_user`; res.redirect(authUrl); }); app.get('/callback', async (req, res) => { const { code } = req.query; try { const tokenResponse = await axios.post('https://oauth.example.com/token', { code, client_id: 'your-client-id', client_secret: 'your-client-secret', redirect_uri: 'http://localhost:3000/callback', grant_type: 'authorization_code' }); const { access_token } = tokenResponse.data; // Use the access_token to make API requests res.send('Authentication successful!'); } catch (error) { res.status(500).send('Authentication failed'); } }); app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server running on port 3000'));
As we've seen, each authentication method has its strengths and use cases:
When choosing an authentication method, consider your application's architecture, user base, security requirements, and scalability needs. Remember, the best choice often depends on your specific use case and may even involve a combination of these methods.
Stay secure, and happy coding!
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