建立基於 Linux 的作業系統是一個配置和客製化的旅程,但已經奠定了許多基礎工作。 Linux 作為一個作業系統,已經發展到提供靈活性、穩定性和巨大的社群支援。但是,雖然與從頭開始開發完全客製化的作業系統相比,這似乎是一條捷徑,但仍然有許多移動部件和複雜的細節需要考慮。
在這裡,我將帶您完成開發基於 Linux 的作業系統的核心步驟。從使用核心到配置驅動程式、新增 GUI 和設定使用者 shell,有很多內容需要深入研究。在此過程中,我將重點介紹 Linux 作業系統開發的獨特方面。
Linux 核心 是任何基於 Linux 的作業系統的核心。它是一個功能強大、維護良好的軟體,可以管理系統資源、處理記憶體管理並監督進程調度。透過使用 Linux 內核,您將依賴世界上最大的開源社群之一數十年的開發、測試和改進。
對於 Linux,核心的模組化設計可讓您針對特定用例自訂系統。無論您需要針對伺服器環境、桌面系統或嵌入式裝置進行最佳化,都可以相應地配置核心。
在典型的基於 Linux 的作業系統中,您透過系統呼叫與核心互動。這些是用戶空間應用程式和核心之間的介面。
// Example of a simple Linux system call int result = fork(); // Create a new process if (result == 0) { execl("/bin/ls", "ls", NULL); // Execute the 'ls' command }
核心配置通常使用 make menuconfig 等工具完成,您可以根據需要啟用或停用核心模組。
每個作業系統都需要一種從加電到運行核心的方法,這就是引導程式的用武之地。對於基於 Linux 的系統,大多數人依賴 GRUB (Grand統一引導程式)。 GRUB 透過提供載入核心並將控制權轉移給它的介面來簡化這個過程。
設定 GRUB 通常涉及編輯 grub.cfg 文件,該文件告訴 GRUB 在哪裡可以找到內核以及要傳遞給它的選項。您無需深入了解彙編級引導加載,這使生活變得更加輕鬆。
# Sample GRUB configuration snippet menuentry "Erfan Linux" { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet initrd /initrd.img }
核心控制後,下一個主要步驟是系統初始化。這就是init 系統(如systemd、SysVinit 或runit 發揮作用的地方。 init 系統負責啟動所有必要的服務、設定系統環境並將作業系統引導至可用狀態。
在 Linux 中,systemd 已成為標準的 init 系統。它管理流程、服務、日誌記錄等。例如,當您執行 systemctl start apache2 這樣的命令時,systemd 會負責啟動 Apache Web 伺服器並確保其保持運作。
這是一個非常簡單的 systemd 服務配置:
[Unit] Description=My Custom Service [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/my_custom_service [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
硬體管理。對於基於 Linux 的作業系統,您使用的核心已經包含對各種硬體設備的支援 - 從網路介面到儲存控制器再到輸入設備。許多驅動程式已與核心捆綁在一起,並且可以動態載入任何其他驅動程式。
例如,您可以使用 modprobe 指令載入特定裝置的驅動程式:
modprobe i915 # Load Intel graphics driver
udev 裝置管理員來動態偵測硬體變更並載入適當的驅動程式。與從頭開始編寫裝置驅動程式相比,這使得管理硬體更加順暢。
But, as always, not all drivers come bundled with the Linux kernel. Sometimes, you’ll need to compile and install third-party drivers, especially for cutting-edge or proprietary hardware.
The filesystem is the backbone of any operating system. It’s where the OS stores all its data, from system configuration files to user documents. With Linux-based systems, you have a choice between several filesystems like ext4, Btrfs, and XFS.
Choosing the right filesystem depends on your needs. Ext4 is the most common and reliable, while Btrfs offers advanced features like snapshotting and data integrity checks.
To mount a filesystem in Linux, it’s as simple as running a command like this:
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
In addition to this, you’ll need to ensure your OS handles basic file I/O operations efficiently, using system calls like read(), write(), and open().
When you move from a headless server environment to a desktop or workstation, you need a graphical user interface (GUI). For Linux-based systems, this usually means installing X11 or Wayland for the display server and adding a desktop environment like GNOME or KDE.
Setting up a GUI on a Linux-based OS is fairly straightforward. You can use package managers to install the desktop environment and display server, then configure them to start on boot. For example, to install GNOME on Ubuntu, you would simply run:
sudo apt install ubuntu-gnome-desktop
Once installed, the user can log in and interact with the system through windows, menus, and graphical applications.
At the heart of any Linux system is the shell. Whether it’s Bash, Zsh, or another shell variant, this is where most users will interact with the system, run commands, and manage files.
Here’s an example of a basic shell interaction:
# Creating a new directory mkdir /home/user/new_directory # Listing contents of the directory ls -la /home/user
In addition to a command-line interface (CLI), many Linux-based OSes also include terminal emulators in their GUIs for those who want the power of the shell with the comfort of a graphical environment.
Developing a Linux-based operating system comes with a significant advantage: you don’t have to start from scratch. The Linux kernel handles the core system functionality, GRUB manages the boot process, and systemd handles initialization. However, this doesn’t mean the work is easy. You still need to configure, optimize, and integrate these components to create a seamless and user-friendly operating system.
The process of building a Linux-based OS is about finding the balance between customizing for your specific use case and leveraging the immense power of the Linux ecosystem. Whether you’re creating a lightweight OS for embedded systems or a feature-rich desktop environment, the journey is filled with its own set of challenges.
But hey, if it were easy, everyone would be doing it, right??
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