何時選擇 `sync.WaitGroup` 而不是 Channels 來進行 Goroutine 同步？

Sync.WaitGroup: An Efficient Alternative to Channels for Goroutine Synchronization

When synchronizing goroutines in Go, both sync.WaitGroup and channels are commonly used patterns. While both methods can achieve similar results, there are subtle advantages that make sync.WaitGroup a more suitable choice in certain situations.

Consider the following scenario:

// Waitgroup example
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
    "time"
)

var wg sync.WaitGroup

func main() {
  words := []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"}

  for _, word := range words {
    wg.Add(1)
    go func(word string) {
      //...
      fmt.Println(word)
      wg.Done()
    }(word)
  }
}

In this case, sync.WaitGroup provides a convenient mechanism for tracking the number of goroutines running and waiting for all of them to complete before executing further code. This makes it simple to ensure that all tasks have finished before moving on.

Conversely, using channels for this task can be more complex and error-prone:

// Channel example
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    words := []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"}
    done := make(chan bool, len(words))
    for _, word := range words {
        //...
        fmt.Println(word)
        done <- true
    }
    for range words {
        <-done
    }
}

Here, the done channel is used to signal the completion of each task, and the main function blocks until all signals have been received. While this approach is functionally equivalent to sync.WaitGroup, it requires additional bookkeeping and error handling to ensure that all goroutines are properly synchronized.

In general, sync.WaitGroup is preferred when the primary concern is coordinating the completion of goroutines, while channels are more suitable for scenarios involving data exchange between goroutines or when fine-grained control over synchronization is needed. Unless specific requirements necessitate the use of channels, sync.WaitGroup offers a simpler and more performant solution for goroutine synchronization tasks.

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