> mmdebstrap是一種以最小和高效的方式創建基於Debian的系統圖像（root Filesystems）的工具。它旨在簡單，快速且輕巧，非常適合為容器，虛擬機或嵌入式系統創建小型，定制的系統圖像。如果您經常使用MMDEBSTRAP創建最小的基於Debian的系統，則本指南將幫助您進行故障排除並修復您可能會遇到的最常見問題。
1。無法創建 /dev /null：權限拒絕問題：
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease 0% [Connecting to security.debian.org (2a04:4e42:400::644)]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed 0% [Waiting for headers]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease 0% [Working]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done All packages are up to date. W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm-updates/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/bookworm-security/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
> 1。無法創建 /dev /null：許可拒絕
>
當運行命令在chroot內部運行時，您會看到類似的錯誤，例如：
sudo mount --bind /dev /path/to/chroot/dev
sudo mount --bind /dev ~/debian-chroot/dev/
gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt install -y gpgv
：
： The repository is not signed. Updating from such a repository can't be done securely.問題：
>在運行APT更新時，您會看到錯誤：解決方案： 在chroot：3。存儲庫驗證錯誤問題：>運行APT UPDATE時，您會看到類似於： 解決方案：Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease 0% [Connecting to security.debian.org (2a04:4e42:400::644)]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed 0% [Waiting for headers]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease 0% [Working]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done All packages are up to date. W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm-updates/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/bookworm-security/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
4。 CHROOT
sudo mount --bind /dev /path/to/chroot/dev
sudo mount --bind /dev ~/debian-chroot/dev/
CHROOT環境可能無法訪問主機的網絡配置。要解決此問題，請將主機的DNS設置複製到Chroot：
>缺少必需軟件包
問題：gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
解決方案：
安裝基本的coreutils and bash and bash and bash and bash and bash：
sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt install -y gpgv
The repository is not signed. Updating from such a repository can't be done securely.
sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update
Temporary failure resolving 'deb.debian.org'
sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf /path/to/chroot/etc/resolv.conf
>您經常創建和測試chroots並想要自動化過程。例如：
>將此腳本保存為mmdebstrap-test.sh，使其可使用CHMOD x mmdebstrap-test.sh使其可執行，然後運行它： mmdebstrap是一種強大的工具，可以創建最小的系統，但要拖到最小的系統。通過遵循此故障排除指南，您可以快速解決常見問題並重新開始工作。記住：>
> 在測試後清理以釋放磁盤空間以釋放磁盤空間。以上是MMDEBSTRAP的故障排除指南：解決常見問題的詳細內容。更多資訊請關注PHP中文網其他相關文章！
