[root@v5254085f259 Cython-0.15.1]# cython
Cython (http://cython.org) is a compiler for code written in the
Cython language. Cython is based on Pyrex by Greg Ewing.
Usage: cython [options] sourcefile.{pyx,py} ...
Options:
-V, --version Display version number of cython compiler
-l, --create-listing Write error messages to a listing file
-I, --include-dir Search for include files in named directory
(multiple include directories are allowed).
-o, --output-file Specify name of generated C file
-t, --timestamps Only compile newer source files
-f, --force Compile all source files (overrides implied -t)
-q, --quiet Don't print module names in recursive mode
-v, --verbose Be verbose, print file names on multiple compil ation
-p, --embed-positions If specified, the positions in Cython files of each
function definition is embedded in its docstring.
--cleanup
Release interned objects on python exit, for memory debugging.
Level indicates aggressiveness, default 0 releases nothing.
-w, --working
Sets the working directory for Cython (the directory modules are searched from)
--gdb Output debug information for cygdb
-D, --no-docstrings
Strip docstrings from the compiled module.
-a, --annotate
Produce a colorized HTML version of the source.
--line-directives
Produce #line directives pointing to the .pyx source
--cplus
Output a C++ rather than C file.
--embed[=]
Generate a main() function that embeds the Python interpreter.
-2 Compile based on Python-2 syntax and code seman tics.
-3 Compile based on Python-3 syntax and code seman tics.
--fast-fail Abort the compilation on the first error
--warning-error, -Werror Make all warnings into errors
--warning-extra, -Wextra Enable extra warnings
-X, --directive =
[,
其他平台上的安装可以参考文档:http://docs.cython.org/src/quickstart/install.html
Cython 代码与 python 不同,必须先编译,编译一般需要经过两个阶段,将 pyx 文件编译为 .c 文件,再将 .c 文件编译为 .so 文件。编译有多种方法:
•通过命令行编译:
假设有如下测试代码,使用命令行编译为 .c 文件。
复制代码 代码如下:
def sum(int a,int b):
print a+b
[root@v5254085f259 test]# cython sum.pyx
[root@v5254085f259 test]# ls
total 76
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 17 02:45 .
4 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 16 22:20 ..
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35 Apr 17 02:45 1
60 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 55169 Apr 17 02:45 sum.c
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35 Apr 17 02:45 sum.pyx
在 linux 上利用 gcc 编译为 .so 文件:
复制代码 代码如下:
[root@v5254085f259 test]# gcc -shared -pthread -fPIC -fwrapv -O2
-Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/include/python2.4 -o sum.so sum.c
[root@v5254085f259 test]# ls
total 96
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 17 02:47 .
4 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 16 22:20 ..
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35 Apr 17 02:45 1
60 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 55169 Apr 17 02:45 sum.c
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35 Apr 17 02:45 sum.pyx
20 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 20307 Apr 17 02:47 sum.so
•使用 distutils 编译
建立一个 setup.py 的脚本:
复制代码 代码如下:
from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension
from Cython.Distutils import build_ext
ext_modules = [Extension("sum", ["sum.pyx"])]
setup(
name = 'sum app',
cmdclass = {'build_ext': build_ext},
ext_modules = ext_modules
)
[root@v5254085f259 test]# python setup.py build_ext --inplace
running build_ext
cythoning sum.pyx to sum.c
building 'sum' extension
gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC -g -O2 -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3
-Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -I/opt/ActivePython-2.7/include/python2.7
-c sum.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/sum.o
gcc -pthread -shared build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/sum.o
-o /root/cpython/test/sum.so
编译完成之后可以导入到 python 中使用:
复制代码 代码如下:
[root@v5254085f259 test]# python
ActivePython 2.7.2.5 (ActiveState Software Inc.) based on
Python 2.7.2 (default, Jun 24 2011, 11:24:26)
[GCC 4.0.2 20051125 (Red Hat 4.0.2-8)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pyximport; pyximport.install()
>>> import sum
>>> sum.sum(1,3)
下面来进行一个简单的性能比较:
清单 9. Cython 测试代码
复制代码 代码如下:
from time import time
def test(int n):
cdef int a =0
cdef int i
for i in xrange(n):
a+= i
return a
t = time()
test(10000000)
print "total run time:"
print time()-t
测试结果:
复制代码 代码如下:
[GCC 4.0.2 20051125 (Red Hat 4.0.2-8)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pyximport; pyximport.install()
>>> import ctest
total run time:
0.00714015960693
清单 10. Python 测试代码
复制代码 代码如下:
from time import time
def test(n):
a =0;
for i in xrange(n):
a+= i
return a
t = time()
test(10000000)
print "total run time:"
print time()-t
[root@v5254085f259 test]# python test.py
total run time:
0.971596002579
从上述对比可以看到使用 Cython 的速度提高了将近 100 多倍。
总结
本文初步探讨了 python 常见的性能优化技巧以及如何借助工具来定位和分析程序的性能瓶颈,并提供了相关可以进行性能优化的工具或语言,希望能够更相关人员一些参考。