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Python的爬蟲程式編寫框架Scrapy入門學習教學課程

Jul 22, 2016 am 08:56 AM
python scrapy 爬蟲

1. Scrapy簡介
Scrapy是一個為了爬取網站數據,提取結構性數據而編寫的應用框架。 可以應用在包括資料挖掘,資訊處理或儲存歷史資料等一系列的程序中。
其最初是為了頁面抓取 (更確切地說, 網路抓取 )所設計的, 也可以應用在取得API所傳回的資料(例如 Amazon Associates Web Services ) 或通用的網路爬蟲。 Scrapy用途廣泛,可用於資料探勘、監測和自動化測試
Scrapy 使用了 Twisted非同步網路程式庫來處理網路通訊。整體架構大致如下

201672163134410.png (550×388)

Scrapy主要包括了以下組件:

(1)引擎(Scrapy): 用來處理整個系統的資料流處理, 觸發事務(框架核心)

(2)調度器(Scheduler): 用來接受引擎發過來的請求, 壓入隊列中, 並在引擎再次請求的時候返回. 可以想像成一個URL(抓取網頁的網址或者說是鏈接)的優先隊列, 由它來決定下一個要抓取的網址是什麼, 同時去除重複的網址

(3)下載器(Downloader): 用於下載網頁內容, 並將網頁內容回傳給蜘蛛(Scrapy下載器是建立在twisted這個高效的非同步模型上的)

(4)爬蟲(Spiders): 爬蟲是主要幹活的, 用於從特定的網頁中提取自己需要的資訊, 即所謂的實體(Item)。使用者也可以從中提取出連結,讓Scrapy繼續抓取下一個頁面

專案管道(Pipeline): 負責處理爬蟲從網頁中抽取的實體,主要的功能是持久化實體、驗證實體的有效性、清除不需要的資訊。當頁面被爬蟲解析後,將被傳送到專案管道,並經過幾個特定的順序處理資料。

(5)下載器中間件(Downloader Middlewares): 位於Scrapy引擎和下載器之間的框架,主要是處理Scrapy引擎與下載器之間的請求及回應。

(6)爬蟲中間件(Spider Middlewares): 介於Scrapy引擎和爬蟲之間的框架,主要工作是處理蜘蛛的響應輸入和請求輸出。

(7)調度中間件(Scheduler Middewares): 介於Scrapy引擎和調度之間的中間件,從Scrapy引擎發送到調度的請求和回應。

Scrapy運作流程大概如下:

首先,引擎從調度器中取出一個連結(URL)用於接下來的抓取
引擎把URL封裝成一個請求(Request)傳給下載器,下載器把資源下載下來,並封裝成應答包(Response)
然後,爬蟲解析Response
若是解析出實體(Item),則交給實體管道進行進一步的處理。
若是解析出的是連結(URL),則把URL交給Scheduler等待抓取

2. 安裝Scrapy
使用以下指令:

sudo pip install virtualenv #安装虚拟环境工具
virtualenv ENV #创建一个虚拟环境目录
source ./ENV/bin/active #激活虚拟环境
pip install Scrapy
#验证是否安装成功
pip list
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#输出如下
cffi (0.8.6)
cryptography (0.6.1)
cssselect (0.9.1)
lxml (3.4.1)
pip (1.5.6)
pycparser (2.10)
pyOpenSSL (0.14)
queuelib (1.2.2)
Scrapy (0.24.4)
setuptools (3.6)
six (1.8.0)
Twisted (14.0.2)
w3lib (1.10.0)
wsgiref (0.1.2)
zope.interface (4.1.1)
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更多虛擬環境的操作可以查看我的博文

3. Scrapy Tutorial
在抓取之前, 你需要新建一個Scrapy工程. 進入一個你想用來保存程式碼的目錄,然後執行:

$ scrapy startproject tutorial
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這個指令會在目前目錄下建立一個新目錄 tutorial, 它的結構如下:

.
├── scrapy.cfg
└── tutorial
 ├── __init__.py
 ├── items.py
 ├── pipelines.py
 ├── settings.py
 └── spiders
  └── __init__.py
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這些文件主要是:

(1)scrapy.cfg: 專案設定檔
(2)tutorial/: 專案python模組, 之後您將在此加入程式碼
(3)tutorial/items.py: 專案items檔
(4)tutorial/pipelines.py: 專案管道文件
(5)tutorial/settings.py: 專案設定檔
(6)tutorial/spiders: 放置spider的目錄

3.1. 定義Item
Items是將要裝載抓取的資料的容器,它工作方式像 python 裡面的字典,但它提供更多的保護,例如對未定義的字段填充以防止拼寫錯誤

透過建立scrapy.Item類別, 並且定義類型為 scrapy.Field 的類別屬性來宣告一個Item.
我們透過將所需的item模型化,來控制從 dmoz.org 獲得的網站數據,例如我們要獲得網站的名字,url 和網站描述,我們定義這三種屬性的領域。在 tutorial 目錄下的 items.py 檔案編輯

from scrapy.item import Item, Field


class DmozItem(Item):
 # define the fields for your item here like:
 name = Field()
 description = Field()
 url = Field()

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3.2. 寫Spider
Spider 是用戶編寫的類, 用於從一個域(或域組)中抓取信息, 定義了用於下載的URL的初步列表, 如何跟踪鏈接,以及如何來解析這些網頁的內容用於提取items。

要建立一個 Spider,繼承 scrapy.Spider 基類,並確定三個主要的、強制的屬性:

name:爬虫的识别名,它必须是唯一的,在不同的爬虫中你必须定义不同的名字.
start_urls:包含了Spider在启动时进行爬取的url列表。因此,第一个被获取到的页面将是其中之一。后续的URL则从初始的URL获取到的数据中提取。我们可以利用正则表达式定义和过滤需要进行跟进的链接。
parse():是spider的一个方法。被调用时,每个初始URL完成下载后生成的 Response 对象将会作为唯一的参数传递给该函数。该方法负责解析返回的数据(response data),提取数据(生成item)以及生成需要进一步处理的URL的 Request 对象。
这个方法负责解析返回的数据、匹配抓取的数据(解析为 item )并跟踪更多的 URL。
在 /tutorial/tutorial/spiders 目录下创建 dmoz_spider.py

import scrapy

class DmozSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 name = "dmoz"
 allowed_domains = ["dmoz.org"]
 start_urls = [
  "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/",
  "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/"
 ]

 def parse(self, response):
  filename = response.url.split("/")[-2]
  with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
   f.write(response.body)

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3.3. 爬取
当前项目结构

├── scrapy.cfg
└── tutorial
 ├── __init__.py
 ├── items.py
 ├── pipelines.py
 ├── settings.py
 └── spiders
  ├── __init__.py
  └── dmoz_spider.py
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到项目根目录, 然后运行命令:

$ scrapy crawl dmoz

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运行结果:

2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Scrapy 0.24.4 started (bot: tutorial)
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Optional features available: ssl, http11
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Overridden settings: {'NEWSPIDER_MODULE': 'tutorial.spiders', 'SPIDER_MODULES': ['tutorial.spiders'], 'BOT_NAME': 'tutorial'}
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled extensions: LogStats, TelnetConsole, CloseSpider, WebService, CoreStats, SpiderState
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled downloader middlewares: HttpAuthMiddleware, DownloadTimeoutMiddleware, UserAgentMiddleware, RetryMiddleware, DefaultHeadersMiddleware, MetaRefreshMiddleware, HttpCompressionMiddleware, RedirectMiddleware, CookiesMiddleware, ChunkedTransferMiddleware, DownloaderStats
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled spider middlewares: HttpErrorMiddleware, OffsiteMiddleware, RefererMiddleware, UrlLengthMiddleware, DepthMiddleware
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled item pipelines:
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [dmoz] INFO: Spider opened
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [dmoz] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min)
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] DEBUG: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023
2014-12-15 09:30:59+0800 [scrapy] DEBUG: Web service listening on 127.0.0.1:6080
2014-12-15 09:31:00+0800 [dmoz] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/> (referer: None)
2014-12-15 09:31:00+0800 [dmoz] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/> (referer: None)
2014-12-15 09:31:00+0800 [dmoz] INFO: Closing spider (finished)
2014-12-15 09:31:00+0800 [dmoz] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats:
 {'downloader/request_bytes': 516,
  'downloader/request_count': 2,
  'downloader/request_method_count/GET': 2,
  'downloader/response_bytes': 16338,
  'downloader/response_count': 2,
  'downloader/response_status_count/200': 2,
  'finish_reason': 'finished',
  'finish_time': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 15, 1, 31, 0, 666214),
  'log_count/DEBUG': 4,
  'log_count/INFO': 7,
  'response_received_count': 2,
  'scheduler/dequeued': 2,
  'scheduler/dequeued/memory': 2,
  'scheduler/enqueued': 2,
  'scheduler/enqueued/memory': 2,
  'start_time': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 15, 1, 30, 59, 533207)}
2014-12-15 09:31:00+0800 [dmoz] INFO: Spider closed (finished)
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3.4. 提取Items
3.4.1. 介绍Selector
从网页中提取数据有很多方法。Scrapy使用了一种基于 XPath 或者 CSS 表达式机制: Scrapy Selectors

出XPath表达式的例子及对应的含义:

  • /html/head/title: 选择HTML文档中 标签内的 元素</li> <li>/html/head/title/text(): 选择 <title> 元素内的文本</li> <li>//td: 选择所有的 <td> 元素</li> <li>//div[@class="mine"]: 选择所有具有class="mine" 属性的 div 元素</li> </ul> <p>等多强大的功能使用可以查看XPath tutorial</p> <p>为了方便使用 XPaths,Scrapy 提供 Selector 类, 有四种方法 :</p> <ul> <li>xpath():返回selectors列表, 每一个selector表示一个xpath参数表达式选择的节点.</li> <li>css() : 返回selectors列表, 每一个selector表示CSS参数表达式选择的节点</li> <li>extract():返回一个unicode字符串,该字符串为XPath选择器返回的数据</li> <li>re(): 返回unicode字符串列表,字符串作为参数由正则表达式提取出来</li> </ul> <p><strong>3.4.2. 取出数据<br /> </strong></p> <ul> <li>首先使用谷歌浏览器开发者工具, 查看网站源码, 来看自己需要取出的数据形式(这种方法比较麻烦), 更简单的方法是直接对感兴趣的东西右键审查元素, 可以直接查看网站源码</li> </ul> <p>在查看网站源码后, 网站信息在第二个<ul>内</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> <ul class="directory-url" style="margin-left:0;"> <li><a href="http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,0130260363,00%2Ben-USS_01DBC.html" class="listinglink">Core Python Programming</a> - By Wesley J. Chun; Prentice Hall PTR, 2001, ISBN 0130260363. For experienced developers to improve extant skills; professional level examples. Starts by introducing syntax, objects, error handling, functions, classes, built-ins. [Prentice Hall] <div class="flag"><a href="/public/flag&#63;cat=Computers%2FProgramming%2FLanguages%2FPython%2FBooks&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearsonhighered.com%2Feducator%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2F0%2C%2C0130260363%2C00%252Ben-USS_01DBC.html"><img src="/static/imghw/default1.png" data-src="/img/flag.png" class="lazy" alt="Python的爬蟲程式編寫框架Scrapy入門學習教學課程" title="report an issue with this listing"></a></div> </li> ...省略部分... </ul> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>那么就可以通过一下方式进行提取数据</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> #通过如下命令选择每个在网站中的 <li> 元素: sel.xpath('//ul/li') #网站描述: sel.xpath('//ul/li/text()').extract() #网站标题: sel.xpath('//ul/li/a/text()').extract() #网站链接: sel.xpath('//ul/li/a/@href').extract() </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>如前所述,每个 xpath() 调用返回一个 selectors 列表,所以我们可以结合 xpath() 去挖掘更深的节点。我们将会用到这些特性,所以:</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> for sel in response.xpath('//ul/li') title = sel.xpath('a/text()').extract() link = sel.xpath('a/@href').extract() desc = sel.xpath('text()').extract() print title, link, desc </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>在已有的爬虫文件中修改代码</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> import scrapy class DmozSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "dmoz" allowed_domains = ["dmoz.org"] start_urls = [ "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/", "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/" ] def parse(self, response): for sel in response.xpath('//ul/li'): title = sel.xpath('a/text()').extract() link = sel.xpath('a/@href').extract() desc = sel.xpath('text()').extract() print title, link, desc </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p><strong>3.4.3. 使用item<br /> </strong>Item对象是自定义的python字典,可以使用标准的字典语法来获取到其每个字段的值(字段即是我们之前用Field赋值的属性)</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> >>> item = DmozItem() >>> item['title'] = 'Example title' >>> item['title'] 'Example title' </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>一般来说,Spider将会将爬取到的数据以 Item 对象返回, 最后修改爬虫类,使用 Item 来保存数据,代码如下</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> from scrapy.spider import Spider from scrapy.selector import Selector from tutorial.items import DmozItem class DmozSpider(Spider): name = "dmoz" allowed_domains = ["dmoz.org"] start_urls = [ "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/", "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/", ] def parse(self, response): sel = Selector(response) sites = sel.xpath('//ul[@class="directory-url"]/li') items = [] for site in sites: item = DmozItem() item['name'] = site.xpath('a/text()').extract() item['url'] = site.xpath('a/@href').extract() item['description'] = site.xpath('text()').re('-\s[^\n]*\\r') items.append(item) return items </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p><strong>3.5. 使用Item Pipeline<br /> </strong>当Item在Spider中被收集之后,它将会被传递到Item Pipeline,一些组件会按照一定的顺序执行对Item的处理。<br /> 每个item pipeline组件(有时称之为ItemPipeline)是实现了简单方法的Python类。他们接收到Item并通过它执行一些行为,同时也决定此Item是否继续通过pipeline,或是被丢弃而不再进行处理。<br /> 以下是item pipeline的一些典型应用:</p> <ul> <li>清理HTML数据</li> <li>验证爬取的数据(检查item包含某些字段)</li> <li>查重(并丢弃)</li> <li>将爬取结果保存,如保存到数据库、XML、JSON等文件中</li> </ul> <p>编写你自己的item pipeline很简单,每个item pipeline组件是一个独立的Python类,同时必须实现以下方法:</p> <p>(1)process_item(item, spider) #每个item pipeline组件都需要调用该方法,这个方法必须返回一个 Item (或任何继承类)对象,或是抛出 DropItem异常,被丢弃的item将不会被之后的pipeline组件所处理。</p> <p>#参数:</p> <p>item: 由 parse 方法返回的 Item 对象(Item对象)</p> <p>spider: 抓取到这个 Item 对象对应的爬虫对象(Spider对象)</p> <p>(2)open_spider(spider) #当spider被开启时,这个方法被调用。</p> <p>#参数:</p> <p>spider : (Spider object) – 被开启的spider</p> <p>(3)close_spider(spider) #当spider被关闭时,这个方法被调用,可以再爬虫关闭后进行相应的数据处理。</p> <p>#参数:</p> <p>spider : (Spider object) – 被关闭的spider</p> <p>为JSON文件编写一个items</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem class TutorialPipeline(object): # put all words in lowercase words_to_filter = ['politics', 'religion'] def process_item(self, item, spider): for word in self.words_to_filter: if word in unicode(item['description']).lower(): raise DropItem("Contains forbidden word: %s" % word) else: return item </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>在 settings.py 中设置ITEM_PIPELINES激活item pipeline,其默认为[]</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> ITEM_PIPELINES = {'tutorial.pipelines.FilterWordsPipeline': 1} </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p><strong>3.6. 存储数据<br /> </strong>使用下面的命令存储为json文件格式</p> <p>scrapy crawl dmoz -o items.json</p> <p><strong>4.示例<br /> 4.1最简单的spider(默认的Spider)<br /> </strong>用实例属性start_urls中的URL构造Request对象<br /> 框架负责执行request<br /> 将request返回的response对象传递给parse方法做分析</p> <p>简化后的源码:</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> class Spider(object_ref): """Base class for scrapy spiders. All spiders must inherit from this class. """ name = None def __init__(self, name=None, **kwargs): if name is not None: self.name = name elif not getattr(self, 'name', None): raise ValueError("%s must have a name" % type(self).__name__) self.__dict__.update(kwargs) if not hasattr(self, 'start_urls'): self.start_urls = [] def start_requests(self): for url in self.start_urls: yield self.make_requests_from_url(url) def make_requests_from_url(self, url): return Request(url, dont_filter=True) def parse(self, response): raise NotImplementedError BaseSpider = create_deprecated_class('BaseSpider', Spider) </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>一个回调函数返回多个request的例子</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> import scrapyfrom myproject.items import MyItemclass MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'example.com' allowed_domains = ['example.com'] start_urls = [ 'http://www.example.com/1.html', 'http://www.example.com/2.html', 'http://www.example.com/3.html', ] def parse(self, response): sel = scrapy.Selector(response) for h3 in response.xpath('//h3').extract(): yield MyItem(title=h3) for url in response.xpath('//a/@href').extract(): yield scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse) </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>构造一个Request对象只需两个参数: URL和回调函数</p> <p><strong>4.2CrawlSpider<br /> </strong>通常我们需要在spider中决定:哪些网页上的链接需要跟进, 哪些网页到此为止,无需跟进里面的链接。CrawlSpider为我们提供了有用的抽象——Rule,使这类爬取任务变得简单。你只需在rule中告诉scrapy,哪些是需要跟进的。<br /> 回忆一下我们爬行mininova网站的spider.</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> class MininovaSpider(CrawlSpider): name = 'mininova' allowed_domains = ['mininova.org'] start_urls = ['http://www.mininova.org/yesterday'] rules = [Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=['/tor/\d+']), 'parse_torrent')] def parse_torrent(self, response): torrent = TorrentItem() torrent['url'] = response.url torrent['name'] = response.xpath("//h1/text()").extract() torrent['description'] = response.xpath("//div[@id='description']").extract() torrent['size'] = response.xpath("//div[@id='specifications']/p[2]/text()[2]").extract() return torrent </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> </p> <p>上面代码中 rules的含义是:匹配/tor/\d+的URL返回的内容,交给parse_torrent处理,并且不再跟进response上的URL。<br /> 官方文档中也有个例子:</p> <div class="jb51code"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> rules = ( # 提取匹配 'category.php' (但不匹配 'subsection.php') 的链接并跟进链接(没有callback意味着follow默认为True) Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=('category\.php', ), deny=('subsection\.php', ))), # 提取匹配 'item.php' 的链接并使用spider的parse_item方法进行分析 Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=('item\.php', )), callback='parse_item'), ) </pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div> <p>除了Spider和CrawlSpider外,还有XMLFeedSpider, CSVFeedSpider, SitemapSpider</p> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wzconShengming_sp"> <div class="bzsmdiv_sp">本網站聲明</div> <div>本文內容由網友自願投稿,版權歸原作者所有。本站不承擔相應的法律責任。如發現涉嫌抄襲或侵權的內容,請聯絡admin@php.cn</div> </div> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-format="autorelaxed" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5902227090019525" data-ad-slot="2507867629"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); 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