nginx的資料結構3－擴展紅黑樹
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node
parent
發揚我一貫的支線任務狂魔的作風，一晚上就完成了之前設想的紅黑樹擴展版本。
rbtree.h：
/*
* Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
* Verson 1.0.0.2
*/
#ifndef _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_
#define _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_
/* the node structure of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_node_s rbtree_node_t;
/* Using type int means its range is -0x7fffffff-1~0x7fffffff. */
typedef int rbtree_key_t;
/* Abstract type is complicated to achieve with C so I use char* instead. */
typedef char* rbtree_data_t;
struct rbtree_node_s
{
/* key of the node */
rbtree_key_t key;
/* pointer of the parent of the node */
rbtree_node_t* parent;
/* pointer of the left kid of the node */
rbtree_node_t* left;
/* pointer of the right kid of the node */
rbtree_node_t* right;
/* color of the node */
unsigned char color;
/* pointer of the value of the node corresponding to the key */
rbtree_data_t value;
/* count of nodes in the subtree whose root is the current node */
int node_cnt;
};
/* the tree object stucture of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_s rbtree_t;
/* foundational insert function pointer */
typedef void (*rbtree_insert_p) (rbtree_t* root, rbtree_node_t* node);
/* foundational visit function pointer */
typedef void (*rbtree_visit_p) (rbtree_node_t* node);
struct rbtree_s
{
/* the pointer of the root node of the tree */
rbtree_node_t* root;
/* black leaf nodes as sentinel */
rbtree_node_t* sentinel;
/* the polymorphic insert function pointer */
rbtree_insert_p insert;
};
/* macros */
#define rbtree_init(tree, s, i) \
rbtree_sentinel_init(s); \
(tree)->root = s; \
(tree)->sentinel = s; \
(tree)->insert = i
#define rbtree_red(node) ((node)->color = 1)
#define rbtree_black(node) ((node)->color = 0)
#define rbtree_is_red(node) ((node)->color)
#define rbtree_is_black(node) (!rbtree_is_red(node))
/* copy n2's color to n1 */
#define rbtree_copy_color(n1, n2) (n1->color = n2->color)
/* sentinel must be black cuz it's leaf node */
#define rbtree_sentinel_init(node) \
rbtree_black(node); \
(node)->node_cnt = 0
/* statements of public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
/* get node by key */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key);
/* get node by order number */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_index(rbtree_t* tree, int index);
int rbtree_height(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
int rbtree_count(rbtree_t* tree);
void rbtree_visit(rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_traversal(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_visit_p);
#endif /* _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_ */登入後複製
為了提高依序號找出結點的效率，我增加了一個結點項node_cnt，代表目前結點為根的子樹上的結點總數。這樣以序號找出結點的過程將會是二分查找，時間效率與依key查找相同，都是O(log2n)。
遍歷方法使用遞歸的中序遍歷，預設的結點存取方法是個空方法，使用者可以自行重寫。
rbtree.c：
/*
* Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
* Verson 1.0.0.2
*/
#include <stddef.h>
#include "rbtree.h"
/* inline methods */
/* get the node with the minimum key in a subtree of the red-black tree */
static inline rbtree_node_t*
rbtree_subtree_min(rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* sentinel)
{
while(node->left != sentinel)
{
node = node->left;
}
return node;
}
/* replace the node "node" in the tree with node "tmp" */
static inline void rbtree_replace(rbtree_t* tree,
rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* tmp)
{
/* upward: p[node] <- p[tmp] */
    tmp->parent = node->parent;
if (node == tree->root)
{
tree->root = tmp;
}
else if (node == node->parent->left)
{
/* downward: left[p[node]] <- tmp */
        node->parent->left = tmp;
}
else
{
/* downward: right[p[node]] <- tmp */
        node->parent->right = tmp;
}
node->parent = tmp;
}
/* change the topologic structure of the tree keeping the order of the nodes */
static inline void rbtree_left_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
/* node as the var x in CLRS while tmp as the var y */
rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->right;
/* fix node_cnt */
node->node_cnt = node->left->node_cnt + tmp->left->node_cnt + 1;
tmp->node_cnt = node->node_cnt + tmp->right->node_cnt + 1;
/* replace y with left[y] */
/* downward: right[x] <- left[y] */
    node->right = tmp->left;
/* if left[[y] is not NIL it has a parent */
if (tmp->left != tree->sentinel)
{
/* upward: p[left[y]] <- x */
        tmp->left->parent = node;
}
/* replace x with y */
rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
tmp->left = node;
}
static inline void rbtree_right_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->left;
/* fix node_cnt */
node->node_cnt = node->right->node_cnt + tmp->right->node_cnt + 1;
tmp->node_cnt = node->node_cnt + tmp->left->node_cnt + 1;
/* replace y with right[y] */
node->left = tmp->right;
if (tmp->right != tree->sentinel)
{
tmp->right->parent = node;
}
/* replace x with y */
rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
tmp->right = node;
}
/* static methods */
/* fix the red-black tree after the new node inserted */
static void rbtree_insert_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
while(rbtree_is_red(node->parent))
{
if (node->parent == node->parent->parent->left)
{
/* case 1: node's uncle is red */
if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->right))
{
rbtree_black(node->parent);
rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->right);
rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
node = node->parent->parent;
/* Then we can consider the whole subtree */
/* which is represented by the new "node" as the "node" before */
/* and keep looping till "node" become the root. */
}
/* case 2: node's uncle is black */
else
{
/* ensure node is the left kid of its parent */
if (node == node->parent->right)
{
node = node->parent;
rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node);
}
/* case 2 -> case 1 */
rbtree_black(node->parent);
rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
}
}
/* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
else
{
if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->left))
{
rbtree_black(node->parent);
rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->left);
rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
node = node->parent->parent;
}
else
{
if (node == node->parent->left)
{
node = node->parent;
rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node);
}
rbtree_black(node->parent);
rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
}
}
}
/* ensure the root node being black */
rbtree_black(tree->root);
}
static void rbtree_delete_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
rbtree_node_t* brother = NULL;
while(node != tree->root && rbtree_is_black(node))
{
if (node == node->parent->left)
{
brother = node->parent->right;
if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
{
rbtree_black(brother);
rbtree_red(node->parent);
rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
/* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
brother = node->parent->right;
}
if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
{
rbtree_red(brother);
/* go upward and keep on fixing color */
node = node->parent;
}
else
{
if (rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
{
rbtree_black(brother->left);
rbtree_red(brother);
rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
/* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
brother = node->parent->right;
}
rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
rbtree_black(node->parent);
rbtree_black(brother->right);
rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
/* end the loop and ensure root is black */
node = tree->root;
}
}
/* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
else
{
brother = node->parent->left;
if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
{
rbtree_black(brother);
rbtree_red(node->parent);
rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
brother = node->parent->left;
}
if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
{
rbtree_red(brother);
node = node->parent;
}
else
{
if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left))
{
rbtree_black(brother->right);
rbtree_red(brother);
rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
brother = node->parent->left;
}
rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
rbtree_black(node->parent);
rbtree_black(brother->left);
rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
node = tree->root;
}
}
}
rbtree_black(node);
}
/* public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
/* Using ** to know wether the new node will be a left kid */
/* or a right kid of its parent node. */
rbtree_node_t** tmp = &tree->root;
rbtree_node_t* parent;
while(*tmp != tree->sentinel)
{
parent = *tmp;
/* update node_cnt */
(parent->node_cnt)++;
tmp = (node->key < parent->key) ? &parent->left : &parent->right;
}
/* The pointer knows wether the node should be on the left side */
/* or on the right one. */
*tmp = node;
node->parent = parent;
node->left = tree->sentinel;
node->right = tree->sentinel;
rbtree_red(node);
}
void rbtree_visit(rbtree_node_t* node)
{
/* visiting the current node */
}
void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;
/* if the tree is empty */
if (tree->root == sentinel)
{
tree->root = node;
node->parent = sentinel;
node->left = sentinel;
node->right = sentinel;
rbtree_black(node);
return;
}
/* generally */
tree->insert(tree, node);
rbtree_insert_fixup(tree, node);
}
void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;
/* wether "node" is on the left side or the right one */
rbtree_node_t** ptr_to_node = NULL;
/* "cover" is the node which is going to cover "node" */
rbtree_node_t* cover = NULL;
/* wether we lossing a red node on the edge of the tree */
int loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
int is_root = (node == tree->root);
/* get "cover" & "loss_red" */
/* sentinel in "node"'s kids */
if (node->left == sentinel)
{
cover = node->right;
}
else if (node->right == sentinel)
{
cover = node->left;
}
/* "node"'s kids are both non-sentinel */
else
{
/* update "node" & "loss_red" & "is_root" & "cover" */
cover = rbtree_subtree_min(node->right, sentinel);
node->key = cover->key;
node->value = cover->value;
node = cover;
loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
is_root = 0;
/* move "cover"'s kids */
/* "cover" can only be a left kid */
/* and can only have a right non-sentinel kid */
/* because of function "rbtree_subtree_min" */
cover = node->right;
}
if (is_root)
{
/* update root */
tree->root = cover;
}
else
{
/* downward link */
if (node == node->parent->left)
{
node->parent->left = cover;
}
else
{
node->parent->right = cover;
}
}
/* upward link */
cover->parent = node->parent;
/* "cover" may be a sentinel */
if (cover != sentinel)
{
/* set "cover" */
cover->left = node->left;
cover->right = node->right;
rbtree_copy_color(cover, node);
}
/* clear "node" since it's useless */
node->key = -1;
node->parent = NULL;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
node->value = NULL;
/* update node_cnt */
rbtree_node_t* tmp = cover->parent;
while(tmp != sentinel)
{
(tmp->node_cnt)--;
tmp = tmp->parent;
}
if (loss_red)
{
return;
}
/* When lossing a black node on edge */
/* the fifth rule of red-black tree will be broke. */
/* So the tree need to be fixed. */
rbtree_delete_fixup(tree, cover);
}
/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given key value */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key)
{
rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
/* next line is just fot test */
// int step_cnt = 0;
/* search the binary tree */
while(tmp != tree->sentinel)
{
/* next line is just fot test */
// step_cnt++;
if(key == tmp->key)
{
/* next line is just for test */
// printf("step count: %d, color: %s, ", step_cnt, rbtree_is_red(tmp) ? "red" : "black");
return tmp;
}
tmp = (key < tmp->key) ? tmp->left : tmp->right;
}
return NULL;
}
/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given order number */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_index(rbtree_t* tree, int index)
{
if (index < 0 || index >= rbtree_count(tree))
{
return NULL;
}
rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
int left_cnt = 0;
int sub_left_cnt;
while(tmp->node_cnt > 0)
{
sub_left_cnt = tmp->left->node_cnt;
if (left_cnt + sub_left_cnt == index)
{
return tmp;
}
if (left_cnt + sub_left_cnt < index)
        {
            left_cnt += sub_left_cnt + 1;
            tmp = tmp->right;
}
else
{
tmp = tmp->left;
}
}
}
/* get the height of the subtree */
int rbtree_height(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
if (node == tree->sentinel)
{
return 0;
}
int left_height = rbtree_height(tree, node->left);
int right_height = rbtree_height(tree, node->right);
int sub_height = (left_height > right_height) ? left_height : right_height;
return sub_height+1;
}
/* get the count of nodes in the tree */
int rbtree_count(rbtree_t* tree)
{
return tree->root->node_cnt;
}
/* visit every node of the subtree whose root is given in order */
void rbtree_traversal(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_visit_p visit)
{
if (node != tree->sentinel)
{
rbtree_traversal(tree, node->left, visit);
visit(node);
rbtree_traversal(tree, node->right, visit);
}
}
登入後複製
test.c：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "rbtree.h"
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
double duration;
double room;
rbtree_t t = {};
rbtree_node_t s = {};
rbtree_init(&t, &s, rbtree_insert_value);
const int cnt = 1<<20;
const int max_len = 15;
#define TEST_VALUES {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "grape", "lemon", "mango", "pear", "pineapple", "strawberry", "watermelon"}
/* for gcc */
char* v[] = TEST_VALUES;
/* for g++ */
// char v[][max_len] = TEST_VALUES;
/* Default stack size in Ubuntu Kylin 14.04 is 8MB. */
/* It's not enough. So I use memory in heap which offers a lot larger room. */
rbtree_node_t* n = (rbtree_node_t*)calloc(cnt, sizeof(rbtree_node_t));
int i;
long time1 = clock();
for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
{
n[i].key = i+1;
n[i].value = v[i%10];
n[i].node_cnt = 1;
rbtree_insert(&t, &n[i]);
}
srand( (unsigned int)time(0) );
int no = rand()%cnt;
printf("n[%d]->key = %d\n", no, rbtree_index(&t, no)->key);
long time2 = clock();
room = 48.0*cnt/(1<<20);
duration = (double)(time2 - time1) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("Inserting %d nodes costs %.2fMB and spends %f seconds.\n", cnt, room, duration);
const int search_cnt = 1<<10;
for( i = 0 ; i < search_cnt ; i++ )
{
rbtree_find(&t, (rand()%cnt)+1);
}
long time3 = clock();
duration = (double)(time3 - time2) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("Searching %d nodes among %d spends %f seconds.\n", search_cnt, cnt, duration);
const int index_cnt = 1<<10;
for( i = 0 ; i < index_cnt ; i++ )
{
rbtree_index(&t, (rand()%cnt));
}
long time4 = clock();
duration = (double)(time4 - time3) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("Indexing %d nodes among %d spends %f seconds.\n", index_cnt, cnt, duration);
const int delete_cnt = 1<<10;
int nums[delete_cnt];
int num;
/* Let's hash! */
char* mark = (char*)calloc(cnt, sizeof(char));
memset(mark, 0, cnt*sizeof(char));
for(i = 0; i < delete_cnt; i++)
{
for(;;)
{
num = rand()%cnt;
if (mark[num] == 0)
{
mark[num] = 1;
nums[i] = num;
break;
}
}
}
long time5 = clock();
duration = (double)(time5 - time4) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("Hash %d times spends %f seconds.\n", delete_cnt, duration);
for(i = 0; i < delete_cnt; i++)
{
rbtree_delete(&t, &n[nums[i]]);
}
long time6 = clock();
duration = (double)(time6 - time5) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("Deleting %d nodes among %d spends %f seconds.\n", delete_cnt, cnt, duration);
free(mark);
int h = rbtree_height(&t, t.root);
long time7 = clock();
duration = (double)(time7 - time6) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("The height of the tree is %d. Getting it spends %f seconds.\n", h, duration);
rbtree_traversal(&t, t.root, rbtree_visit);
long time8 = clock();
duration = (double)(time8 - time7) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
printf("Traversal the tree spends %f seconds.\n", duration);
printf("Count of nodes in the tree is %d.\n", rbtree_count(&t));
free(n);
return 0;
}登入後複製
Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.425416 seconds. Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001140 seconds. Hash 1024 times spends 0.000334 seconds. Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.000783 seconds.
登入後複製
Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.467859 seconds. Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001188 seconds. Indexing 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001484 seconds. Hash 1024 times spends 0.000355 seconds. Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001417 seconds. The height of the tree is 28. Getting it spends 0.021669 seconds. Traversal the tree spends 0.023913 seconds. Count of nodes in the tree is 1047552.
登入後複製
1.插入結點略慢了一點，因為插入時多維護了一個node_cnt項。
2.依key找出結點速度沒有變化。
3.哈希查找速度沒有變化。
4.刪除結點花的時間幾乎是原來的兩倍，因為每次刪除後都要一路向上更新node_cnt，幾乎相當於包含了一次按key查詢。
5.依序號查詢比按key查詢略慢，因為每次進入右子樹需要多做一次加法。
6.遍歷花的時間與求樹高相同，因為它們的實質都是遍歷樹，時間效率O(n)數量級，具體點為2n次結點訪問，分別為結點入棧和出棧時。
別問我max、min、mid在哪，能按序號查詢了這些還是問題嗎？
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以上就介紹了nginx的資料結構3－擴充紅黑樹，包含了方面的內容，希望對PHP教學有興趣的朋友有幫助。
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修復：截圖工具在 Windows 11 中不起作用
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為什麼截圖工具在Windows11上不起作用了解問題的根本原因有助於找到正確的解決方案。以下是截圖工具可能無法正常工作的主要原因：對焦助手已開啟：這可以防止截圖工具開啟。應用程式損壞：如果截圖工具在啟動時崩潰，則可能已損壞。過時的圖形驅動程式：不相容的驅動程式可能會幹擾截圖工具。來自其他應用程式的干擾：其他正在運行的應用程式可能與截圖工具衝突。憑證已過期：升級過程中的錯誤可能會導致此issu簡單的解決方案這些適合大多數用戶，不需要任何特殊的技術知識。 1.更新視窗與Microsoft應用程式商店應用程
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PiNetwork節點詳解及安裝指南本文將詳細介紹PiNetwork生態系統中的關鍵角色——Pi節點，並提供安裝和配置的完整步驟。 Pi節點在PiNetwork區塊鏈測試網推出後，成為眾多先鋒積極參與測試的重要環節，為即將到來的主網發布做準備。如果您還不了解PiNetwork，請參考Pi幣是什麼？上市價格多少？ Pi用途、挖礦及安全性分析。什麼是PiNetwork？ PiNetwork項目始於2019年，擁有其專屬加密貨幣Pi幣。該項目旨在創建一個人人可參與
npm node gyp失敗怎麼辦
Dec 29, 2022 pm 02:42 PM
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聊聊用pkg將Node.js專案打包為執行檔的方法
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