對知乎內容使用爬蟲爬取數據，為什麼會遇到403問題？-php教程-PHP中文網

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對知乎內容使用爬蟲爬取數據，為什麼會遇到403問題？

WBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWBOYWB

Aug 17, 2016 am 10:01 AM

curl post

我想抓取知乎上用戶的關注信息，如查看A關注了哪些人，通過www.zhihu.com/people/XXX/followees這個頁面來獲得followee的列表，但是在抓取中遇到了403問題。
1.爬蟲只是為了蒐集用戶關注信息，用於學術研究，絕非商業或其他目的
2.使用PHP，利用curl構造請求，使用simple_html_dom來解析文檔
3.在用戶的關注者（Followees）列表，應該是使用Ajax進行動態加載更多的followees，於是我想直接爬接口的數據，通過firebug查看到，加載更多的關注者似乎是通過http://www.zhihu.com/ node/ProfileFolloweesListV2 進行的，並且post的資料有_xsrf,method,parmas，於是我在模擬保持登入的情況下，對這個連結提交請求，並帶有post過去的所需要的參數，但是回傳的是403。
4.但是我同樣模擬登入的情況下，可以解析到如讚同數、感謝數這些不需要Ajax的資料
5.我使用curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $header );來設定請求頭，使其與我在瀏覽器中提交的請求的請求頭一致，但是這樣任然導致403錯誤
6.我嘗試打印出curl的請求頭與瀏覽器發出的請求頭進行比較，但是沒有找到正確的方式（百度出的curl_getinfo()似乎打印出的相應報文）
7.有許多人曾因為沒有設定User-Agent或X-Requested-With遭遇403，但是我在5中描述設定請求頭時都設定了
8 .如果敘述不詳需要貼出代碼，我可以貼出代碼
9.這個爬蟲是我畢設的一部分，需要獲取數據來進行接下來的工作，如1所說，爬取數據純粹是為了學術研究

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如果有防火牆功能的伺服器，連續抓取可能會被幹掉，除非你有很多代理伺服器。或最簡單用adsl不斷重新撥號更換ip 你先找個瀏覽器，研究一下request的HTTP Header再來抓這兩天剛好做了一個抓取用戶的關注著和追隨者的的爬蟲在抓數據，使用的是Python。這裡給你一段python的程式碼，你可以對著程式碼看一下你的程式碼問題。
403應該就是請求的時候一些數據發錯了，下面的代碼中涉及到一個打開的文本，文本中的內容是用戶的id，文本裡面的內容樣式我截了圖放在最後面。

<span class="c">#encoding=utf8</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib2</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>

<span class="n">Default_Header</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'X-Requested-With'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'XMLHttpRequest'</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="s">'Referer'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'http://www.zhihu.com'</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="s">'User-Agent'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; '</span>
                                <span class="s">'rv:39.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/39.0'</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="s">'Host'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'www.zhihu.com'</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Default_Header</span><span class="p">)</span> 
<span class="n">resourceFile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/root/Desktop/UserId.text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'r'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">resourceLines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resourceFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readlines</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">resultFollowerFile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/root/Desktop/userIdFollowees.text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'a+'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">resultFolloweeFile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/root/Desktop/userIdFollowers.text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'a+'</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">BASE_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'https://www.zhihu.com/'</span>
<span class="n">CAPTURE_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BASE_URL</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">'captcha.gif?r=1466595391805&type=login'</span>
<span class="n">PHONE_LOGIN</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BASE_URL</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'login/phone_num'</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">login</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="sd">'''登录知乎'''</span>
    <span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">''</span><span class="c">#用户名</span>
    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">''</span><span class="c">#密码，注意我这里用的是手机号登录，用邮箱登录需要改一下下面登录地址</span>
    <span class="n">cap_content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CAPTURE_URL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">cap_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/root/Desktop/cap.gif'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'wb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">cap_file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cap_content</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">cap_file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">captcha</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'capture:'</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">"phone_num"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"password"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"captcha"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">captcha</span><span class="p">}</span>
    <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PHONE_LOGIN</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">())[</span><span class="s">'msg'</span><span class="p">]</span>
    
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">readFollowerNumbers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">followerId</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">followType</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">'''读取每一位用户的关注者和追随者，根据type进行判断'''</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">followerId</span>
    <span class="n">personUrl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'https://www.zhihu.com/people/'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">followerId</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">xsrf</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getXsrf</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">hash_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getHashId</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">personUrl</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Default_Header</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'Referer'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">personUrl</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'/follow'</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">followType</span>
    <span class="n">followerUrl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'https://www.zhihu.com/node/ProfileFollow'</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">followType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">'ListV2'</span>
    <span class="n">params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">"offset"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"order_by"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s">"created"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"hash_id"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">hash_id</span><span class="p">}</span>
    <span class="n">params_encode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">"method"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s">"next"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"params"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">params_encode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'_xsrf'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">xsrf</span><span class="p">}</span>
    
    <span class="n">signIndex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span>
    <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">signIndex</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'offset'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">offset</span>
        <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'params'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">followerUrlJSON</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">followerUrl</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">signIndex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">followerUrlJSON</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">())[</span><span class="s">'msg'</span><span class="p">])</span>
        <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">signIndex</span>
        <span class="n">followerHtml</span> <span class="o">=</span>  <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">followerUrlJSON</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">())[</span><span class="s">'msg'</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">everHtml</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">followerHtml</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">everHtmlSoup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">everHtml</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">personId</span> <span class="o">=</span>  <span class="n">everHtmlSoup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'href'</span><span class="p">]</span>
            <span class="n">resultFollowerFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">personId</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">personId</span>
            
    
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getXsrf</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="sd">'''获取用户的xsrf这个是当前用户的'''</span>
    <span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_URL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">_xsrf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'input'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'name'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s">'_xsrf'</span><span class="p">})[</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_xsrf</span>
    
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getHashId</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">personUrl</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">'''这个是需要抓取的用户的hashid，不是当前登录用户的hashid'''</span>
    <span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">personUrl</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">hashIdText</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'script'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'data-name'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'current_people'</span><span class="p">})</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hashIdText</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">followType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'请配置抓取类别：0-抓取关注了谁 其它-被哪些人关注'</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">followType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'ees'</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">followType</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s">'ers'</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">followerId</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">resourceLines</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">readFollowerNumbers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">followerId</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">followType</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">resultFollowerFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">pass</span>
   
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
登入後複製

無非就是那些，　ｕｓｅｒａｇｅｎｔ，ｒｅｆｅｒｅｒ，ｔｏｋｅｎ，ｏｏｅ

覺得可能會是 2 個原因造成的:
沒帶 cookies
_xsrf 或 hash_id 錯誤


這個問題我來回答下吧，知乎在「_xsrf」這個欄位搞了個小動作，並不是首頁頁面取到的那個_xsrf 的值，而是在登入成功後透過cookie傳回的那個「_xsrf 」的值，所以你需要取得正確的這個值，不然一直會報403錯誤（我是在Post提問時發現的，相信你遇到的問題類似，直接上代碼）：

/// 
 // / 知乎提問
 /// 
 /// 提問標題
 /// 詳細內容
 / // 
//遍歷cookie，取得_xsrf 的值
var list = GetAllCookies(cookie);
 foreach (var item in list)
 {
 if (item.Name == "_xsrf")
 {
 if (item.Name == "_xsrf")
 =
 x item.Value;
 break;
 }
 }
//發文
 var FaTiePostUrl = "
http://www.
zhihu.com/question/addvarzhihu.com/question/addvar


zhihu.com/question/addvar


"; ;
。 = nhp.PostResultHtml(FaTiePostUrl, cookie, "http://www.zhihu.com/", FaTiePostStr);
}


 /// 
 /// 遍歷CsumContainer
 /// 
 /// 遍歷CsumContainer 
 /// 

 /// 
 public static List GetAllCookies(CookieContainer cc)
 {
 List lstCookies = new Listookies = new List ();

 Hashtable table = (Hashtable)cc.GetType().InvokeMember("m_domainTable",
 System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.GetFieldp. Instance, null, cc, new object[] { });

 foreach (object pathList in table.Values)
 {
 SortedList lstCookieCol = (SortedList)pathList.GetType().InvokeMember("m_Col = (SortedList)pathList.GetType().InvokeMember("m_p." .BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.GetField
 | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance, null, pathList, new object[] { });
 foreach (CookieCollection colCookie inlst colCookies colCookies) lstCookies.Add(c);
 }
 return lstCookies;🎜 }

修改header的X-Forwarded-For字段偽裝ip

真的很巧，昨天晚上才剛遇到了這個問題。原因可能有很多，我只說我遇到的，僅供參考，提供一個想法。我爬取的是新浪微博，使用了代理。出現403是因為造訪時網站拒絕，我在瀏覽器上操作也是一樣，隨便看裡面幾個網頁就會出現403，不過刷新幾次就好了。在程式碼中實作就是多請求幾次。

看了樓上的答案，瞬間被鎮住了。大牛真多，不過我建議題主去問李開復好了~哈哈

話說接口是怎麼抓到的...為何我用firebug抓不到接口..chrome的network也抓不到接口🎜話說直接請求followees也可以直接獲取到,剩下的也就是正則了