Python初學者的17個技巧

交換變數

x = 6
y = 5
x, y = y, x
print x
>>> 5
print y
>>> 6

if 語句在行內

print "Hello" if True else "World"
>>> Hello

連接

下面的最後一種方式在綁定兩個不同類型的物件時顯得很酷。

nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]
afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]
print nfc + afc
>>> ['Packers', '49ers', 'Ravens', 'Patriots']
print str(1) + " world"
>>> 1 world
print `1` + " world"
>>> 1 world
print 1, "world"
>>> 1 world
print nfc, 1
>>> ['Packers', '49ers'] 1

計算技巧

#向下取整
print 5.0//2
>>> 2
# 2的5次方
print 2**5
>> 32

注意浮點數的除法

print .3/.1
>>> 2.9999999999999996
print .3//.1
>>> 2.0

數值比較

x = 2
if 3 > x > 1:
   print x
>>> 2
if 1 < x > 0:
   print x
>>> 2

兩個列表同時迭代

nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]
afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]
for teama, teamb in zip(nfc, afc):
     print teama + " vs. " + teamb
>>> Packers vs. Ravens
>>> 49ers vs. Patriots

帶索引的列表迭代列表，c列表方法：

teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
for index, team in enumerate(teams):
    print index, team
>>> 0 Packers
>>> 1 49ers
>>> 2 Ravens
>>> 3 Patriots

用下面的代替

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
even = []
for number in numbers:
    if number%2 == 0:
        even.append(number)

字典推導

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
even = [number for number in numbers if number%2 == 0]

初始化列表的值

teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
print {key: value for value, key in enumerate(teams)}
>>> {'49ers': 1, 'Ravens': 2, 'Patriots': 3, 'Packers': 0}

將列表轉換成字串

items = [0]*3
print items
>>> [0,0,0]

為

teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
print ", ".join(teams)
>>> 'Packers, 49ers, Ravens, Patriots'

獲取子列表

data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}
try:
   is_admin = data['admin']
except KeyError:
   is_admin = False

60個字符解決FizzBu​​zz

前段時間Jeff Atwood 推廣了一個簡單的編程練習叫FizzBu​​zz，問題引用如下：

寫一個程序，打印數字3的倍數列印“Fizz”來替換這個數，5的倍數列印“Buzz”，對於既是3的倍數又是5的倍數的數字列印“FizzBu​​zz”。

這裡有一個簡短的方法來解決這個問題：

data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}
is_admin = data.get('admin', False)

集合

用到Counter庫

x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
#前3个
print x[:3]
>>> [1,2,3]
#中间4个
print x[1:5]
>>> [2,3,4,5]
#最后3个
print x[-3:]
>>> [4,5,6]
#奇数项
print x[::2]
>>> [1,3,5]
#偶数项
print x[1::2]
>>> [2,4,6]

迭代工具

和collections庫一樣，還有一個庫叫alrrools

是全域變量，因此：

for x in range(101):print"fizz"[x%3*4::]+"buzz"[x%5*4::]or x